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Typical Spelling Patterns for Vowel Sounds.doc
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13. Sound [u]

Spelling examples: book, good, pull, sugar, could.

Spelling patterns for the short sound [u]

Combination OO: book, cook, look, hook, shook, took, good, stood, wood, hood, childhood, foot, wool, broom, rookie.

Letter U: put, push, pull, bush, bull, bullet, full, pudding, sugar, cushion, butcher.

Letter O: wolf, woman;

Combination OU: could, should, would.

It is quite difficult to decide where to say the long sound [u:] and where to say the short sound [u] when they are represented by the combination OO (and, to a lesser extent, by the letter U). It's advisable to keep a comparison list of such words. In some cases, there are two variants of pronunciation: room - [ru:m] / [rum]; roof - [ru:f] / [ruf]; hoop - [hu:p] / [hup], soot - [sut] / [su:t].

14. Sound [ər] as in sir

Spelling examples: verb, turn, first, learn, work, journey, dollar.

The sound [ər] is represented by the combinations of vowels with the letter R in the root, prefix or suffix, under stress or unstressed. The sound [r] is pronounced in such combinations in all positions in American English. All vowels can form such combinations. The combination AR represents the sound [ər] only in an unstressed position, usually in the suffix.

Spelling patterns for the sound [ər]

Combination ER: her, verb, serve, were, certain, person, concern, emergency, energy, perceive, percent, prefer, teacher, mister, buyer, finger, better, powder.

Combination UR: urge, fur, turn, curse, purse, purr, hurry, current, occur, curtain, furnish, turkey, purpose, pursue, disturb, pleasure, lecture, pressure.

Combination IR: sir, fir, girl, bird, stir, shirt, skirt, third, whirl, circle, circus, dirty, thirsty.

Combination EAR: learn, heard, search, early, earn, earth, pearl, yearn, rehearse.

Combination OR: word, work, worm, world, worry, worse, worth; attorney, forgive, forget, doctor, visitor, favor, effort, comfort.

Combination OUR: courage, courtesy, journey, journal, glamour.

Combination AR: dollar, collar, grammar, sugar, solar, vulgar, anarchy, monarchy, beggar, coward, hazard.

Combination YR: martyr, satyr, zephyr.

Combination EUR: amateur, connoisseur, chauffeur.

It is quite easy to memorize the spelling of the words with the sound [ər] by comparing their spelling variants in columns.

15. The neutral sound as in but

Spelling examples: about, son, much, rough, golden, possible.

The neutral sound [ə] (the schwa) is the most common vowel sound of English. It occurs in initial, medial or final position in the root, prefix and suffix, under stress or unstressed. Trancription symbols for the neutral sound in American ESL materials may be [ʌ] (caret) in stressed syllables and [ə] (schwa) in unstressed syllables, or [ə] (schwa) in both stressed and unstressed syllables. The neutral sound is represented by several spelling patterns.

Spelling patterns for the neutral sound

Letter A: about, around, asleep, Italy, ornament, likable, central, resistance, assistant, cinema, opera, soda.

Letter O: son, mother, money, other, front, done, some, love, observe, oppress, decorate, memory, history, freedom, lesson.

Letter U: but, sun, much, lucky, ugly, sudden, number, punish, publish, consult, submit, success, suggest, unhappy, understand, industry, difficult, minus, helpful, skillful.

Letter E: tolerate, operate, academy, gallery, system, golden, kitten, different, movement.

Letter I: terrible, possible, family.

Letter combination OU: rough, tough, country, cousin, couple, double, trouble, touch, flourish, nourish, young, famous, dangerous.

Letter combination OO: blood, flood.

The neutral sound is one of the most difficult vowel sounds in terms of pronunciation and spelling. In everyday speech, the unstressed short vowels are often pronounced as the neutral sound, and in some cases the neutral sound is dropped. In other cases, the neutral sound may appear in the syllable between two consonants where there is no vowel in spelling, for example: table, apple, riddle, prism. This stresses the necessity to study the pronunciation of English words together with their spelling.

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