MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

ODESSA I.I. MECHNIKOV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS, ECONOMICS AND MECHANICS

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

TRANSLATIONS

Made by

A fifth-year student

Kutuzaki Andrew

Language adviser

Associate professor, candidate of phil. science

Kirichenko L.G.

Odessa 2012

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Some facts from the history, just the appetite for knowledge.

The first apparatus used for communication over a distance, apart from such devices as semaphore, heliograph, etc. Was the telegraph. The earliest practicable instrument was invited by Cooke and Wheatstone in 1837, and used by railway, the first public line being laid between Paddington and Slough in 1934. Morse invented a signaling code (still used), and a recording telegraph, first used commercially between England and France. As a result of Hertz’s discoveries using electromagnetic waves, Marconi established wireless communication between England and France and across the Atlantic. On the principal telegraph routes teleprinters (keyboard-operated telegraph machines in which the transmitted baudot code-5 unit, with start and stop – automatically prints thee received message) are used in conjunction with voice – frequency carrier apparatus. This enables a large number i.e. 36 telegrams to be signaled simultaneously on the same credit.

The telephone was invented m 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, as a result of Faraday discovery of electromagnetism, and today it is possible to communicate with most countries by telephone cable, e.g. a submarine cable between Britain and Belgium can carry 216 simultaneous conversations. However, the chief method of speeding long-distance calls on land is microwave radio transmission, the drawback to this being that the transmissions follow a straight line from tower to tower, so that over sea the system becomes impracticable.

The solution was found in the suggestion in 1954 by John R. Pierce of the Bell Telephone Laboratories that space satellites be used for overseas communications, and on 10 July 1962 Telstar was launched from Cape Kennedy. baudot If satellite transmission were not possible, it would require the equivalent of 600 voice circuits (more than the combined existing cable and radio facilities) to provide a single transatlantic telecast of satisfactory quality. (Hutchinson‘s New 20^th Centure Encyclopedia, London 1988).

Телекоммуникации

Несколько исторических фактов для аппетита к знаниям.

Первым аппаратом для дистанционной связи, кроме таких устройств как семафоры, гелиограф и т.д. был телеграф. Наиболее ранний рабочий образец был изобретён Куком и Уитстоуном в 1837 году, и использовался на железной дороге, а именно на первой общественно линии пролегавшей между Пэддингтоном и Слоухом. Морзе изобрёл сигнальный код(используется до сих пор), и записывающий телеграф, впервые использованный между Англией и Францией и через Атлантику. На главных телеграфных маршрутах телетайпы (клавиатурно-управляемые телеграфные машины, поддерживающие 5-ти блочный бадокод, со старт и стоп – автоматически распечатываемыми доставленными сообщениями ) использовались вместе с голосом – частотой несущего аппарата. Это открыло большое количество, а именно 36 телеграмм сигнализировали одновременно на том же кредите. Телефон был изобретён в 1876 году Александром Грэхэмом Бэлом, и явился результатом открытия Фарадеем электромагнетизма, и даже сегодня является возможным общение с большинством стран по телефонному кабелю, проложенному под водой между Британией и Бельгией и способному выдержать 216 одновременных разговором. Однако, главным методом ускорения длиннодистанционных звонков на суше является передача радиоволнами, недостаток этого метода передачи заключается в следующем: необходима прямая линия от вышки к вышке, а над морем монтаж подобной системы становится невозможным.

Решение было найдено и предложено в 1954 году Джоном Р. Пирсом из Бэлл Телефон Лабораторис и космические спутники были использованы для межморской связи, и они были запущены 10 Июля 1962 компанией Тэлстар с Мыса Кенеди. В дополнение к телефонным звонкам Тэлстар включили передачу телевизионных микроволн, сделав в каждой стране станцию передачи. Если бы спутниковая передача была невозможна, это требовало эквивалент в 600 голосовых схем (более чем совокупность всех существующих кабелей и радио средств) для обеспечения единой трансатлантической телепередачи удовлетворительного качества.

TELECOMMUNICATION AND WORLD MARKET - AN OVERVIEW

Telecommunications is the transmission, emission, or reception of signals, writings, images, sounds, or information of any nature whatsoever through wire, fiber optics, satellite links, broadcast or other electromagnetic systems between loca­tions. Today, telecommunications includes a terminal connection to a computer located within a building or a building complex, across a state, across a country, or internationally through Telephone Company or private facilities. A dialog is established between a terminal and the computer in order to send a message, transfer text, a file, or a program.

The development of information technology has had an effect on the interchange of business information both within and across national boundaries. In today's environment, infor­mation is a key resource in national and international trade, commerce, and industry. Most businesses are dependent on many nations for the marketing and manufacturing of materials, goods, and services. Information can stimulate economies if allowed to flow freely and if it can be accessed and exchanged on a worldwide basis.

Companies of all sizes use international data flows to manage their worldwide operations with better efficiency. Specific application areas include world inventory, sales, production, marketing, planning, and financial coordination.

Satellite transmission is a key to moving international voice, video information, and large volumes of data. A worldwide system of satellites has been created, and it is possible to transmit signals around the globe by bouncing them from one satellite to an earth station and thence to another satellite.

Originally designed to carry voice traffic, they are able to carry hundreds of thousands of separate simultaneous calls. These systems are being increasingly adopted to provide for business communications, including the transmission of traffic for voice, facsimile, data and vision.

Satellite services enable a great variety of information services to transmit into the office including personalized electronic mail. The electronic computer is at the heart of many such systems, but the role of telecommunications is no less important. There will be a further convergence between the technologies of computing and telecommunications. The change will be dramatic: the database culture, the cashless society, the office at home, the gigabit-per-second data network.

We cannot doubt that the impact of these concepts will be very significant in national and international trade, commerce and industry. Already, advanced systems of communication are affecting office systems. The office is the major growth area for computerized systems, which are replacing the traditional typewriter and message systems. Complex functions are being performed by professionals, managers and executives using advanced terminals which are intended to be as easy to use as the conventional telephone.

(W.L. Vignault “Worldwide Telecommunications Guide for the Business Manager” N.Y., Toronto, Singapore)