The category of aspect is revealed by the English participle inconsistently and in a limited way (непослідовно й обмежено). The aspect meaning of its forms is usually subordinated to their tense meaning and is not always expressed clearly. Participle I in the attributive function has

mainly the aspect processual meaning (the man smoking – людина, яка зараз курить). Past

and Perfect Participles have the aspect meaning of the action completeness (done, having done – зроблений, зробивши).

The English Participle can enter as a constituent part specific English syntactic constructions (Absolute Participial

Construction, Complex Object with the Participle, etc.).

Ukrainian дієприкметник

Since the Ukrainian дієприкметник bears the meaning of two parts of speech

– the verb and the adjective, it has some categories of verbal as well as attributive character.

•Active participles of the present tense with suffixes -уч- (-юч-), -ач- (-яч-) (ростучий, виконуючий, правлячий) are used rather rarely in modern Ukrainian. In corresponding cases more often the attributive construction of the type той (який), що росте/ виконує/ править is used. Compare with the English Participle I: growing, fulfilling, ruling.

•Active participles of the past tense of the perfective aspect are formed with the help of the suffix -л-

(осиротілий, зітлілий, пожовклий). Compare with the English descriptive constructions of the type who became thin, who wrote (was writing, has written).

Compare with the English Participle I of the passive state (being discussed, being used), or with the English Participle IІ (discussed, used).

Passive participles of the present tense are not formed in modern Ukrainian.

Passive participles of the past tense are formed with the help of the suffixes -т-, -н-, -ен-

(-єн-) from the verbs of the perfective aspect:

написаний, згаданий, вжитий. Compare with the English Participle IІ: written, mentioned, used.

Similarly to normal adjectives of the hard group, the Ukrainian дієприкметник is

declined according to gender, number, and case.

(4) Its peculiar combinability partly resembling that of the verb (with adverbs, nouns, pronouns denoting objects of action), and partly that of the adjective (it modifies nouns) and of the adverb (it modifies verbs).

(5) Its most characteristic functions of attribute, adverbial modifier, etc.

Ukrainian дієприслівник is the peculiar Ukrainian verbid combining the features of the verb and the adverb. It points towards some additional action and explains the main one, expressed by the finite verb.

Ukrainian дієприслівник is characterized by the following features:

(1) Its lexico-grammatical meaning of the “character or quality of some action”.

(2) Its typical stem-building elements depend upon the type of дієприслівник.

•Дієприслівникs of the imperfective aspect (of the present tense) are formed from the base of the present tense of verbs of the imperfective aspect with the help of the suffixes

-учи(сь)-, -ючи(сь)-, -ачи(сь)-, -ячи(сь)-: пишучи, співаючи, стоячи. Compare with the English Participle I of the active voice: writing, singing.

•Дієприслівникs of the perfective aspect (of the past tense) are formed directly from the form of the masculine gender singular of the past tense of the perfective aspect with the help of the suffixes -ши(сь), -вши: приніс – принісши, умився – умившись. Compare with: a) the English Perfect Participle of the active state: Закінчивши роботу, ми пішли додому. – Having finished our work, we went home; b) the English Participle I of the active voice: Він стояв, прихилившись до стіни. – He stood leaning against the wall; с) the English Gerund with the preposition: Виконавши завдання, він повернувся додому. – After fulfilling the task he returned home.

(3) Дієприслівник is the indeclinable form of the word similar to adverb. It has common with the verb grammatical categories of tense, aspect, and voice.

•Aspect characteristics are expressed very distinctly, where дієприслівникs of the imperfective aspect correlate with verb forms of the present tense: друкують – друкуючи, сміються – сміючись, and the forms of the perfective aspect correlate with verb forms of the past tense: відмовив – відмовивши, приїхав – приїхавши.

•Some дієприслівникs can undergo the process of adverbialization: Чайка скиглить літаючи, мов за дітьми плаче (Т. Шевченко).