Unit 1: Упаковка и терминальная обработка грузов Packing and Terminal Handling

В уроке делается обзор, касающийся различных видов упаковки грузов в процессе их транспортировки, включая принятые способы упаковки специальных, а также опасных грузов. Операция упаковки рассматривается, как составное звено в логистической цепи доставки товара. По изучению этого урока вы овладеете обширной системой терминов, относящихся к различным видам упаковочных средств, а также ознакомитесь с различными способами обработки определённых классов груза. В уроке содержится также список терминов, используемых для обозначения характеристики товара как предмета внешнеторгового контракта.

Текст 1. Packing

Packing refers not only to the materials used to prepare goods for transport, but also to the operation of putting goods into containers.

The package must maintain the purity and freshness of its contents and protect the contents from the outside environment; if the contents are harmful, corrosive, or poisonous, the package must also protect the outside environment. The packaging itself must present nо chemical hazard as well. The package must identify the contents and their quantity, and it must facilitate distribution.

The basic materials of packages today include paper, cellophane, steel, aluminium, glass, wood, textiles, and plastics. Conventional package forms include wraps, bags, cartons, саns, bottles, pails, drums, barrels, and bulk containers. All packages must be sealed in some way, and many require an opening for dispensing the contents. The contents are usually identified by direct imprinting or by an applied label.

Goods can be wrapped (in paper) and tied with string or cord, sealed, or taped with cellotape. Sometimes materials such as sawdust, wood fibres are used to prevent damage. Perishables or special temperature-sensitive cargo such as vaccines and medical supplies are packed in dry iсe. Its cooling effect is almost twice that of wet ice; its special advantages are that it does not melt as а liquid but turns into gas, and that it produces an inert atmosphere that reduces bacterial growth. Some highly sensitive pharmaceutical and medical products are transported in battery-operated reefer containers and reefer containers connected with electrical ship’s installation.

Grains, ores and coal are usually transported in bulk. Other goods are shipped in cases, sometimes lined with zinc to make them watertight. Cotton, tobacco and wool are sent in bale, either loose or pressed. Dry goods such as coffee or seeds can be packed in paper . Crates are large cases with slats used for sending furniture, fruit, etc.

Liquids, such as wine, acids, chemicals, liquefied gases, flammable liquids, etc. can be packed in various types of tank-containers.

Goods destined for airfreight are made ready for transportation at the airport. They are built up and packed in Unit Load Devices (ULDs). These may be pallets, igloos or containers. Pallets and igloos are designed so that they fit in the aircraft without losing space. Intermodal containers, whose weight and size are standardized can be lifted mechanically off trucks, railway wagons and ships, can be loaded on the main deck of а wide-body freighter.

Пояснения к тексту.

goods – товар;

cargo – груз;

maintain the purity and freshness of contents – поддерживать чистоту и свежесть содержимого;

harmful – вредный;

corrosive – едкий;

poisonous – ядовитый;

present hazard – представлять опасность;

identify contents – определять содержимое;

facilitate distribution – облегчать распределение;

drum – бочка (вытянутая);

bale – кипа;

pail – ведро;

barrel – бочка, бочонок;

dispense contents – распределять содержимое;

string, cord – верёвка;

seal – запечатывать, пломбировать;

sawdust – опилки;

wood fibre – древесное волокно;

perishable cargo – скоропортящийся груз;

temperature sensitive cargo – груз, чувствительный к изменениям температурного режима;

vaccine – вакцина;

medical supplies – медицинские поставки;

refrigerant – охладитель;

produce inert atmosphere – создавать нейтральную атмосферу;

reduce bacterial growth – снижать бактериальный рост;

to line – обивать;

crate – деревянный ящик, корзина;

liquids – жидкие грузы;

jar – банка;

can – бидон;

Unit Load Device (ULD) – грузовой модуль, грузовая единица;

to load - загружать

teu (twenty foot equivalent unit) – 20-футовый контейнер;

feu (forty foot equivalent unit) – 40-футовый контейнер;

pallet – паллет, поддон;

igloo – авиационный контейнер;

a wide-body freighter – широкофюзеляжный самолёт;

intermodal transportation – интермодальная перевозка;

multimodal transportation, combined transportation – мультимодальная перевозка, перевозка в смешанном сообщении.

Упражнения.