- •Object and objectives
- •2. Basic notion of translation
- •3. General principles of translation
- •5. Translation in teaching of foreign languages
- •7. Levels of equivalence.
- •8. Types of correspondences. Regular and occasional correspondences, absence of correspondences.
- •9. Context and its role in translation.
- •10. Ways of translating context free words
- •12. Ways of handling equivalent lacking words
- •16. Proverbs and sayings
- •17. Lexical transformations
- •18. The infinitive
- •19. The passive voice
- •20. The Word order
- •21. Modal Verbs and modal forms
- •22. Handling equivalent-lacking forms and structures. Articles
- •23. Handling equivalent-lacking forms and structures. Aspect forms
- •24. Handling equivalent-lacking forms and structures. Syntactical complexes
- •25. Grammatical transformations
- •26.Peculiarities of scientific texts
- •1. The absence of emotional colouring.
- •2.Rushing to clearness and shortness.
- •3. The special semantic load of some words of ordinary colloquial speech.
- •27. Newspaper articles
- •28. Literary text
- •29. Sd metaphor simile pun
- •30. Sd Allusion alliteration repetition zeugma
25. Grammatical transformations
Transformation is any change of the Source text at any level (syntactic, semantic, lexical) of the language during translation. Transformations can be lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical. Grammatical transformations are: 1) embedding/addition (добавление) – is a device intended for the compensation of structural elements implicitly present in the S text missing in the T language. eg. The policeman waved me on. –Полицейский помахал мне рукой, показывая, что я могу проезжать. 2) replacement (замещение) – is any change in the T text at the morphological, lexical and syntactic levels of the language when the elements of certain source paradigms are replaced by different elements of the Target ones. 3) deletion/omission (опущение) (both lexical and grammatical transformation) – eg. Summer rains in Florida may be violent, while they last. – Летом во Флориде бывают сильные ливни. 4) permutation/ transposition (перемещение) – is a change of the word order in the T text as compared to the S text. Eg. A deligation from Krasnodar arrived in Moscow yesterday. – Вчера в Москву прибыла делегация из Краснодара. 5) Partioning of sentence / sentence fragmentation – involves splitting one complex or compound sentence into 2 or more simpler sentences. Eg. People everywhere are confronted with the need to make decisions in the face of ignorance and these problem is growing. – Люди везде сталкиваются с необходимостью принятия решений при отсутствии достаточной информации. Это проблема возникает все чаще и чаще. 6) Sentence integration (объединение) — involves combining 2 sentences or more into one. Eg. Your presence is not required. Nor it is desirable. – Ваше присутствие не требуется и даже не желательно.
26.Peculiarities of scientific texts
Having studied the material of scientific-technical texts some of the characteriscts can be determined:
1. The absence of emotional colouring.
reader should not have stranger associations, he should not read between lines, be admired by the game of words and calamburs. The writer's purpose of the text is to describe either or other phenomenon or operation, this or that subject or process.
E. g. “The mother company bore a daughter in the Far East, granted her a dowry of 2.000.000 pounds and christened her…”
"Компания мать родила на Дальнем Востоке дочь, дала ей приданное в 2 млн. фунтов стерлингов и окрестила ее…"
After processing is obtained:
"Эта компания организовала на Дальнем Востоке дочернюю компанию и выделила ей капитал в 2 млн. фунтов стерлингов; новая компания стала именоваться…"
2.Rushing to clearness and shortness.
The rushing to clearness discovers expression in application of legible grammar constructions and lexical units, and also in the wide use of a nomenclature. As a rule, the placed terms will be utilized conventional,, though meet and terminoids ,which considerably hamper translation. The rushing to a multiplicity expresses in wide application of infinitive, gerundial and subordinate clauses, abbreviations and conventional signs.