
Введение в современную логику - Гладкий А.В
..pdf8 .
r s " " 9 8 K # D# G# :#9 : * #
rGs |
I " # :#9 1 & " " K # |
rJs |
!" > ) tt !" " " 9 8 G # D# G# :#9 : * |
|
G# |
rKs #$ ) "" 4 tt " " " " @ " # 8 J# :#9 86>6D6 # # ?G K#
r s #$ ) "" 4 tt " " " " @ " # 8 # :#9 86>6D6 G# # KJ? # $& 9 tt " " " " @ " # 8 J # :#9 6 / " * 0 # # J? J#
r s #$ : " " # :#9 C11N #
r s #$ %$ B " "2 " tt cX[Y[b ^duXf_Xfge[b \^ldYdge# a# # cX[Y J # GJ? G#
r s ' ( ) # :#9 C & " #
r s ' A " " " " " "
@ * " "# :#9 6 " # " # #
r s % * " " " " " " " " " # 6
" & " 2"& * " " "
" # :#9 6 # " /B " 0 #
r s + ! Q " ""# tt & # # :#
# # ?G #
r Gs + + 3 " * A# F# > /Q " ""0# tt D # # G ?G #
r Js ,-- I " " " # :#9 $ J#
r Ks ,-- >"5 " "2" # :#9 $ J#
r s . / ' > " *
& " # tt : " J K# # J ?J # r s 0- # N " " "# :# #
r s 123345 6 ve[ qmZXg mw gX[Y_XwXg WXfgmx[by# q#9 z`_geXYfmY { Hm# #

C W$ $
r s 123345 6 HmY|[g_`b[f dYa }[w`_d_XmYf9 ve[ ~bmu_e mw gX[Y_XwXg •Ymu^[aZ[# q#9 }m`_^[aZ[ { •[ZdY €d`^ J#
r s 123345 6 •Y[Ya[a ‚`[f_# \Y Y_[^^[g_`d^ \`_m]XmZbdƒey# q#9 }m`_^[aZ[
G#
rG s 123345 6 725489 6 WX[ „`h`Yw_ Xf_ mww[Y# Wdf \^_[Y][bZ[b ~[fƒb…dge# †`Yge[Y?„…`bXge9… €Xƒ[b #
rG s :;<2=9 > ~[fgeXge_[ a[b qmZXh# [b^XY9 ‡`Yh[b `# W`YYed`ƒ_ J #
-## . .
8 " r s & " "; A " #
B " " rGs " r s * ; & " *
"2" " #
B " r s ? " " " " " " " & " "; " " #
B " r s " & ; ; B# I 2 ? /D
0 " /) 0 ? " & & " " /8 *
; ; 2" " " 0#
B " r s * ; * " " * "
4 " " " #
B " r Js ? & * "; " " " r s & &
" @ " " r s " "; B# $&& #
* r s &" "2 T# A# B + # $" " , "
* & " " & & " 2" "
" & " " & " " * & " # B " " r s " r s ? B# $&& & " & " # B " r s ? " @" B# $&& *
" "" " " "" "; ; " #
B " rG s ? &" * B# I 2 " B# $&& @
J # A * " 8 #
B " rG s ? * &" " "" " " " "#
x+Vy $
+3>5 +>+3 @ )
+>?V
# ! .$
" "
J
2" " * " O4 2""
?O4 2""
?O " " JG
?& " JG
" " O4 2""
?" & " 2""
?O4 2""
?5 " K
?"2 "
?5 " K
"@" 2" K
" " J
" * K ; " G
; " &
??
" *
" " JG
@" J KG
" % " * @
@" "2"
" O4 " * @
" O4 2"
" " " * " O4 2"" &
"4 O4 2""
?O4 2"" & "4
" O4 2""
?O " " & "4 &
"4 JJ
?& " & "4 O " "4 JJ
* & "
& " JK
" " J
+@ 2" @ ,
+ " ,
J K
4 " " & " 2"" J
?" " G
?" G
?" 4 *
?& "2""
?& " "
3 :
5 " & " " & " G
" & " 2" J
" 2" KK " "2"
" " " G " " "2
" "2"
C |
>$)( $6 |
" " " " "
" " "
" " " GJ
?? 5 "2 * GJ
?? 5 " * GJ
?? 5" GJ
?? "2 * GJ
?? " * GJ
?? "2 * GJ
?? " * GJ
?? GJ
5 " K
?5 " K
?5 " K
" * " O4 2""
?O4 2""
?O " " JG
?& " JG
"
O4 2"
*
& J
J
" " 2""
* G
?? & "" J
" @" " & J "
?J
?" J
" " " " " K
" *
"& " " J
?K
?" " K
?& 45"; " "
?; K
" & " " ;
K
G
?" J KG
?& J
?" * JK
" " J
?? & " * J
; "" J K& 4 JG
"
& " " * " " " "
* & " J KG
?& " J
?& " " J
5 " & "
J
5 " " G 5 * J O " " J JG O & "
" " & " & 2" "
& +@ 2" ,
J & "
? " " " "
" "
* " G
" * " " "
& "
?? ? & "
?& & "2" * ;
" J
?n K
?" K
?K
>$)( $6 |
C |
" J
?K
?; K
?@ 2" * J KG
"2 " K
?G
& F "
?B
?2
?C
?C"
& "
& " " J
?" " J
?K
& " J JG & " " %
G
& "
& G
?" " G
?G
& * "
G & " K
?GJ
?"
?" " GG
?GJ
?& G
?5 GG
?" * GG & G & " & " 2"" J
?" " G
?? R * G
?? * G & " J
& " G
?" " " " ";
"
?G
& " 3
?& " &
?& " "2 "
?& "
?O " " &
?" "2 "
?" " &
?" " " " & " 2""
?" " * " "
& ;"5 " " G & " K GK
?n K
?K
?K
?K
?" " K
?? K
& " " G & +@ 2" @ , & &2" G
& && "2" G ? " G
& @" * @ & " " & "
& " " G & & 5 " G & J & & "2" * "
G
& "
O & "
" * * @ " " & " K
? ? ? & "
* J
"
CV |
>$)( $6 |
" " J
?& "" K
?& "
" +@ 2" @ ,
" J K
" &
K " " GG
" J
" & "
" & "
" + & , G
? + % , G
" G
" ; "
" " K @"
O GK
2"
" GJ
?* " G
?* " G
?" G
& "
" J
" " O4 2""
?" & " 2""
?O4 2""
?5 " K
?"2 "
?5 " K " * "
& & J
?" J
* " G
@ * "@" 2" K @" " " G @
?" " & "
?? ? 4 " "
?? ? & "
?? ?
?? ? & "
?? & "
?? ? " "
?? ? ?
@ 2" J
?n & ; KG
?? " "
?? ?
; " " G
* G
?" " G
?G
% " 2" * "
% G
% & " ? & "
dbZ`l[Y_`l da emlXY[l J
gXbg`^`f XY a[wXYX[Yam &
""
gXbg`^`f XY a[lmYf_bdYam
*
gXbg`^`f xX_Xmf`f &
>$)( $6 |
C |
a[wXYX_Xm ƒ[b Z[Y`f ƒbmˆXl`l [_ aXww[b[Y_Xdl fƒ[gXwXgdl &
" " " "" " "
XZYmbd_Xm [^[YgeX & "
!
lma`f ƒmY[Yf lma`f _m^^[Yf
"
ƒ[_X_Xm ƒbXYgXƒXX & ;"5 "
"
#
b[a`g_Xm da d]f`ba`l & " "
& "
≡GK K
GK
GK
G/ GGGGGJJ ∩ J \ J
CA JK
x Kx K &
→J
¬K
¯
A K
8B NB 83 N3
!
86
N6
N) 3 6D D8 8 K
N K 8 K N K A GJ I GJ E GJ O GJ
TS GJ
TP GJ
S + * " " " " ,
G
P + R * " " " " , G
M + " " " " , G
P + , J
S + , J
M + , J
$ &'( |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
&,- |
$(&, ./ 1( 2 3( 4, 4 '( 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
|||||
1 # |
) " " |
# # |
# |
# |
# |
# # # |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
|
|||
1 G# |
$" # # # # # # # # # # # # # |
# # |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
K |
|
1 J# |
$" # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
GJ |
|||||
&,- |
,$( 3$ '( . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
|
1 K# |
: " " # # # |
# # |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# # # |
G |
|||
1 # |
" & " " "; " " &" * # |
# # # |
KK |
|||||||||||||||
1 # |
> " " & " # # # # # # # # # |
# # |
# # |
# |
# # # |
|
||||||||||||
1 # |
> " " & " # # # # # # # # # # |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
G |
||||||||
&,- |
,$( $ &&: . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
;* |
|
1 # |
D " * 9 & & "2" * & " |
|
# # |
J |
||||||||||||||
1 # |
B " " " |
|
# # # # # # |
|
||||||||||||||
1 # |
D " * 9 & " |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# # # |
G |
|||||||||||
1 # |
A " " " " |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# # # |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
GG |
|||
&,- |
< ( 1 : ( ( 3( 4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=>= |
|
1 G# |
6 " " F% " :" |
|
# # # |
# # |
# |
# # # # # |
K |
|||||||||||
1 J# |
1"& " " # # # # # # # |
# # |
# # # |
# # # |
|
|||||||||||||
1 K# |
C " " & * " ; ; |
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
" # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # |
# # |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# |
# # # |
|
|||
( ' @ 1(,($2A $ &3$(&,$ 2A '( &1 A (/ B |
||||||||||||||||||
1 A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=;= |
( ' |
@ '( &1 A 3 $ (1& A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=; |
||
, $ ,:$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=6= |
|
( , $ 1 &3 &1: ' , $ ,:$2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=6* |
||
$ , 2. :1 , '- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=6> |
||
1 , '- ( ( . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=66 |
=
Œ$ = D
6 * : L & " "
I"2 " 63 U JJ GK# J#G #
$&" & * # #G # T 60 × 90 t # F @ U # $* @ # $# # G # D" % # Q U
:L>:)
G G : F * 8 * " & #
) & ; " & " " )A) /D"& @" ‰> "“0#
: # T " "; * K #