Vocabulary practice

Exercise 1.

Make up words with the help of “derivational trees”. Point out classes to which they belong (N, V, Adj, Adv). Translate into Russian in writing the following sentences containing parts of the “derivational trees.” Consult a dictionary if necessary.

Manage promote

-er -able -ment -er -tion

-ess -al -ibility -al

1 The company’s failure last year was due to ineffective management.

2 The union has agreed to talks with senior management.

3 One classic study of managers identified three important types of managerial skills: technical, interpersonal and conceptional.

4 The manageress of the hotel was very young and inexperienced.

5 The rate of inflation has been brought down to a more manageable level.

6 There are good chances of promotion in this firm.

7 They launched a big advertising campaign to promote their new toothpaste.

8 Because of her tremendous success she was then promoted to the position of the top financial manager.

GRAMMAR GUIDE 1

There are a few instances of the Subjunctive Mood in TEXT A. For example, in the sentence “The company usually requires that a middle manager (should) implement the policies and plans developed by top management” the forms “should implement” or “implement” are the Subjunctive Mood forms (Компания обычно требует, чтобы руководитель среднего звена проводил политику и планы, разработанные руководством.”)

The Subjunctive in English is the name of a group of verb-forms (most of them are homonymous to those of the Indicative Mood) which are used after certain verbs (or after impersonal expressions with the same meaning) in subordinate clauses (usually after “that”) to express hypothetical situations that are supposed, recommended, required, insisted upon and the like.

e.g. I suggest that we send/ should send a consultant to investigate their marketing problems. (Я предлагаю, чтобы мы послали консуль-танта для тщательного изучения их проблем в сфере сбыта.)

e.g. The University requires that every student take/ should take this course ( В университете требуется, чтобы каждый студент изучал этот курс.)

What we understand by the Subjunctive includes two kinds of forms some of which are used differently in British and American English (“should send”, “should take” might be regarded as normal in British English, while “send”, “take” are formal in British English and normal in American English.)

1. Synthetical forms

a) the Present Subjunctive

be, have, do, know ...

I , he, she, we, you, they

e.g. The committee has recommended that the training programme be improved. (Комитет рекомендовал, чтобы учебная программа была бы улучшена.)

b) the Past Subjunctive

were, had, did, knew ...

I , he, she, we, you, they

e.g. I wish I were 16. (Жаль, что мне не шестнадцать.)

e .g. I wish I knew how to do it. ( Жаль, что я не знаю, как это делается./ Было бы хорошо, если бы я знал, как это делается.) Reference

to the present.

c) the Past Perfect Subjunctive

had been, had had, had done, had known...

I , he, she, we, you, they

e.g. I wish I had known about their transaction yesterday. (Жаль, что я не знал вчера об их сделке.)

e .g. I wish he had done business with me last year. Reference to the past.