Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет

«МИФИ»

Волгодонский инженерно-технический институт –

филиал НИЯУ МИФИ

ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫЕ ДОМАШНИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ № 4

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Для студентов 2 курса

по направлению «Менеджмент»

УДК 802.0

З 38

Рецензент – к.ф.н. Зарочинцева И.В.

Составитель – Гунина Л.А.

Индивидуальные домашние задания № 4 по английскому языку: для студентов 2 курса по направлению «Менеджмент»/ Волгодонский инженерно-технический институт / ВИТИ НИЯУ МИФИ. – Волгодонск, 2012. – 36 с.

Пособие включает тексты, заимствованные из оригинальной страноведческой и технической литературы, и упражнения, включающие грамматический материал первого и второго семестров. Цель пособия – сформировать у студентов навыки самостоятельной работы чтения и перевода научно-технической литературы.

Предназначено для студентов 2-го курса по направлению «Менеджмент». Может быть также использовано студентами колледжей и для самостоятельного обучения.

© ВИТИ НИЯУ МИФИ, 2012

О бразец титульного листа

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ» Волгодонский инженерно-технический институт – филиал НИЯУ МИФИ Отделение___________________________________________________ Специальность_______________________________________________ Индивидуальное домашнее задание № 2 по дисциплине иностранный (английский) язык Вариант №______ Выполнил студент____________________________________________ курс, группа, фамилия, имя, отчество Руководитель_________________________________________________ должность, звание, фамилия, имя, отчество Волгодонск 2012 г.

Вариант 1

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст

MONEY

Money has various uses in the modern world: it is a measure of the value of goods and services, a means of exchanging such goods and services and a way to store up buying (purchasing) power so that one can use it later. As a measure of value, it is of the very greatest use. If I work in an office, how can my employer know what to pay me for my services if there is no generally recog­nized measure of value? He may decide to pay me a cer­tain number of loaves of bread each week, but then I shall have to exchange some of these loaves for other things that I need: and how am I to know how many loaves of bread I should give for a pair of shoes or for the rent of my house, for example? Money gives us a very useful means of measuring such relative values.

Money is also of very great use as a means of exchang­ing goods and services. If, for example, I am a shoe-maker, it will not be at all convenient to me always to have to exchange the shoes I make for other goods or services. A doctor may want to buy a pair of shoes from me, for example, but I may not need medical care, so he will then have to find something else that I want, or look for another shoe-maker who needs him. Without money the tax-collector would come back to his office with an extraordinary collection of objects.

Considered as a means of storing up buying (purchas­ing) power, money has good and bad points. It can more easily be kept a long time than such things as food, which rots, or buildings, which slowly fall to pieces, or ma­chines, which rust. It takes up very little space, and if you put it in a bank, it is as safe as anything in this world can be.

But modern money has some very serious disadvan­tages as means of storing up buying power. In the old days, when money was in the form of gold and silver coins, the metal in each was really worth the amount stamped on the coin. But the paper in modern paper money and even the metal in most modern coins are worth very much less than the amount written on them. As a result, the buying power of modern money can change very greatly in a short time.

...It is not surprising, therefore, that some peo­ple are doubtful about the wisdom of saving money

TAXATION

Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: without it, it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us: nor the workers in govern­ment offices who look after our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves, nor also the ministers and members of parliament who gov­ern the country for us. By means of taxation we pay for things' that we need just as much as we need somewhere to live and something to eat.

But though everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about how taxation should be arranged. Should each person have to pay a cer­tain amount of money to the government each year? Or should there be a tax on things that people buy and sell? If the first kind of taxation is used, should everyone pay the same tax, whether he is rich or poor? If the second kind of taxation is preferred, should everything be taxed equally?

In most countries, a direct tax on persons, which is called income tax exists. It is arranged in such a way, that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows greater as the taxpayer's income grows.

But countries with direct taxation nearly always have indirect taxation, too. Many things imported into the coun­try have to pay taxes or "duties". Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops who really have to pay the duties, in the form of higher prices. In some countries, too, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is collected, but the poor people suffer most. If un­necessary things like jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained, but the tax is fairer, as the rich pay it.

Probably this last kind of indirect tax, together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich, is the best arrangement.

EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK

If seems quite clearly unjust to pay two people different amounts of money for doing the same work. But it is not as easy as it appears at first sight to introduce equal pay for equal work.

First of all, one must be sure that the work is in fact equal. Two people may be working side by side in a factory and doing the same work, but one may be doing it twice as fast as the other; or one may be making no mistakes, while the other is making a lot. In some kinds of work, one can solve the problem of speed if one pays by the amount of work done and not by the hour: work paid for in this way is called piece-work. But it is not always possible to do this, so it is sometimes useful to pay workers at different rates, which takes differences in skill into account. This usually means that the younger and therefore less experienced worker gets less than the older and more experienced one, which seems reasonable enough.

What does not appear to be reasonable is when two equally skilled, equally fast workers receive different rates of pay. In Great Britain, for instance, women are paid less than men for the same work.

The employer's argument in places where this happens is that men usually have a wife and children to support and women usually have not. They say that most women work­ers are either unmarried and have no one to support, or have husbands who also work and bring home money, so that it would be unjust for them to be paid as much as a man who has a wife who does not work because she has several children at home to look after.

This, of course, is quite true: but you do find some men workers who are unmarried and have no one to support, and some women workers who are widows and have children to support. Other women workers, though they have no children, may have old or sick parents and young brothers and sisters who cannot yet work.

The fact is that the problem of paying workers accord­ing to their family needs cannot be solved simply by giving the men more and the women less. The answer is to pay both alike, and to leave it to the state to see that justice is done by means of taxation and allowances

2 Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1. various uses; 6) to be of great use;

2) the value of goods; 7) buying (purchas­ing) power;

3) a means of exchanging; 8) to have good and bad points;

4) a measure of value; 9) serious disadvan­tages;

5) the rent of а house; 10) a direct tax.

3 Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1) современный мир; 6) процент налога;

7) равная плата;

2) товары и услуги; 8) количество денег;

3) работать в офисе;

4) способ обмена; 9) опытные рабочие;

5) золотые и серебряные монеты; 10) налогообложение.

4 Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык:

Tax, police, to govern,­ percent, to differ, reason, to argue, to allow, a shoe, advan­tages.

5 Задайте к, выделенному в тексте, предложению все типы вопросов: общий, альтернативный, разделительный, два специальных: а) к подлежащему, б) к любому члену предложения.

Money gives us a very useful means of measuring such relative values.

6 Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: формы и функции инфинитива, инфинитивные конструкции (сложное дополнение, подлежащее), существительное в роли определения, функции слов one (ones), that (those), условные предложения:

1) If I work in an office, how can my employer know what to pay me for my services if there is no generally recog­nized measure of value?

2) He may decide to pay me a cer­tain number of loaves of bread each week, but then I shall have to exchange some of these loaves for other things that I need: and how am I to know how many loaves of bread I should give for a pair of shoes or for the rent of my house, for example?

3) If, for example, I am a shoe-maker, it will not be at all convenient to me always to have to exchange the shoes I make for other goods or services.

4) A doctor may want to buy a pair of shoes from me, for example, but I may not need medical care, so he will then have to find something else that I want, or look for another shoe-maker who needs him.

5) Without money the tax-collector would come back to his office with an extraordinary collection of objects.

6) Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: without it, it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us: nor the workers in govern­ment offices who look after our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves, nor also the ministers and members of parliament who gov­ern the country for us.

7) If the second kind of taxation is preferred, should everything be taxed equally?

7 Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1) What are the main uses of money?

2) What can you say about modem money and its disadvantages?

3) Why is saving money sometimes necessary?

4) What is the meaning of money to you?

5) Why is taxation necessary in modern society?

6) How is income tax arranged?

7) Who has to pay the duties that are collected on imported goods?

8) Why is it fairer if unnecessary things are taxed?

9) Which of the two systems of indirect taxation is fairer?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2 - 3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10 - 15 предложений).

10 Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.