Грамматика
Present and past perfect continuous
1. Present Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола “to be” в форме Present Perfect (have been, has been) и формы причастия настоящего времени (present Participle) смыслового глагола (таблица 1).
Таблица 1. Образование времени Present Perfect Continuous:
I have been working. He has been working.
2. В вопросительной форме первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим (таблица 2).
Таблица 2. Образование вопросительной формы Present Perfect Continuous:
Have I been working? Has he been working?
3. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы “not”, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола (таблица 3).
Таблица 3. Образование отрицательной формы Present Perfect Continuous:
4. В вопросительно-отрицательной форме частица “not” ставится непосредственно после подлежащего:
Have I not been working? Has he not been working?
В разговорной форме употребляются те же сокращения, что и в Present Perfect (таблица 4).
Таблица 4. Образование сокращенной формы Present Perfect Continuous
Употребление Present Perfect Continuous
1. Употребляется для выражения длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом и еще совершается в настоящее время. “For” указывает на период времени совершения действия (for an hour, for a month, for many days, for a long time и т.д.). “Since” указывает на начало действия (since yesterday, since 5 o’clock и др.). Переводится на русский язык настоящим временем. Употребляется также в вопросах, начинающихся с “how long” и “since when”.
Pete has been waiting for his friend for an hour. - Пит ждет своего друга уже час.
Ann has been translating the article since 5 o’clock. - Анна переводит статью с 5 часов.
How long have you been living in Belgorod? - Сколько времени Вы живете в Белгороде?
Since when have you been studying at the University? - С каких пор Вы учитесь в Университете?
2. Не употребляется с глаголами, не имеющими форм Continuous (to be, to have, to know, to love, to hate и пр.). Вместо Present Perfect Continuous употребляется Present Perfect.
I have known him for many years. – Я знаю его уже много лет.
- I have been here for 2 days. – Я нахожусь здесь уже два дня.
3. В отрицательных предложениях наряду с Present Perfect Continuous употребляется Present Perfect предпочтительно.
I have not done it for several months. - Я не делаю этого уже несколько месяцев.
4. С такими глаголами, как to study, to work, to live, to teach, to travel и пр. Наряду с Present Perfect Continuous употребляется Present Perfect.
They have worked on the problem for 2 days. - Они работают над этой проблемой уже 2 дня.
Употребление Present Perfect Continuous
Употребляется для выражения длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом и закончилось непосредственно перед моментом речи в настоящем.
Her eyes are red. She has been crying. - У нее покраснели глаза. Она плакала.
He is forty but he looks fifty. He has been drinking much. - Ему сорок, а выглядит на пятьдесят. Он много пил.
Обозначает повторяющиеся действия.
He looks tired. He has been playing football. – Он выглядит усталым. Он играл в футбол.
Переводится на русский язык глаголами прошедшего времени несовершенного вида.
You have so many beautiful pictures on the walls. My father has been buying them. I have been buying them for 5 years. – У Вас на стенах так много красивых картин. Мой отец покупал их. Я покупаю их уже 5 лет.
ЗАДАНИЯ ПО ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ
Exercise 6. Закончите предложения используя предложенные конструкции (компетенция № 4).
This man has been working at the plant all his life |
these three years all this week all this year for 2 months before we arrived in this town since 2002 lately |
Exercise 7. Перестройте данные предложения согласно образцу (компетенция № 1).
Образец:
She has been sitting here for 20 minutes. She has been sitting here for 20 minutes, hasn’t she? |
1. I have been waiting for you for more than an hour.
2. She has been reading since 3 o’clock.
3. I have been writing these sentences for an hour.
4. Mary has been watching TV since I returned.
5. They have been discussing this problem since 8 o’clock.
6. My sister has been playing the piano for half an hour.
7. It has been snowing since morning.
8. Somebody has been using my computer for 15 minutes.
9. The boys have been playing football.
10. He has been sleeping for more than two hours now.
Exercise 8. Поставьте глагол в скобках в Present Perfect Continuous (компетенция № 1)
1. We _________ our librarian to put the books in the right order for three days (help).
2. He says he _________ for a long time without achieving good results (work).
3. You _________ me since the very moment I left the house (follow).
4. She _________ with us since then (live).
5. How long _________ the children _________ (play).
6. She _________ at this school for twenty years (teach).
7. He is tired. He _________ all day (dig).
8. He _________ experiments for a year (make).
9. What _________ you _________ with these documents lately (do)?
10. I think she _________ lies as usual (tell).
11. I _________ myself that question for many years (ask).
12. He is out of breath. He _________ fast (run).
Exercise 9. Перестройте предложения согласно образцу (компетенция № 1).
Образец:
We’ve just held a trade union meeting. (for 2 hours) We’ve been holding a trade union meeting for 2 hours/ |
1. Nick has written his course paper on philosophy. (since October)
2. The professor has given a lecture on international law. (for more than two hours)
3. The committee has worked out a contract. (for a week)
4. He has solved his arithmetical problem. (all morning).
Образец:
I’m looking through today’s newspapers. (for twenty minutes) I’ve been looking through today’s newspapers for twenty minutes. |
1. I’m worrying about Kate. She is suffering from severe headaches. (since she arrived here)
2. It’s a unique book. I’m searching for it. (some month)
3. The workers of the plant are striking for better working conditions. (for some years)
4. All peace-loving people are struggling for peace against the danger of a new war. (ever since the end of World War II).
Exercise 10. Задайте вопросы согласно образцу (компетенция № 4).
Образец:
the sportsmen, to have a rest How long have the sportsmen been having a rest? |
you, to have a toothache; it, to rain; Caroline, to wear glasses; they, to run; the people of their country, to fight against their aggressors; the cosmonauts, to orbit the earth.
Проф-тексты
Exercise 11 Прочитайте, переведите и перескажите, используя данные слова (компетенция № 11).
Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Current economic models developed out of the broader field of political economy in the late 19th century, owing to a desire to use an empirical approach more akin to the physical sciences. A definition that captures much of modern economics is that of Lionel Robbins in a 1932 essay: “the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.” Scarcity means that available resources are insufficient to satisfy all wants and needs. Absent scarcity and alternative uses of available resources, there is no economic problem. The subject thus defined involves the study of choices as they are affected by incentives and resources. Economics aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Economic analysis is applied throughout society, in business, finance and government, but also in crime, education, the family, health, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, and science. The expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism.
Vocabulary
distribution - распределение
consumption - потребление
scarcity - дефицит
incentives - мотивация
domain – парадигма
Exercise 12 Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 13).
What is Economics?
When did the current economic models develop?
What does scarcity mean?
What does Economics aim to explain?
In what areas is economic analysis applied?
Exercise 13. Переведите на английский, используя выученные вами слова (компетенция № 12).
В философии экономика рассматривается как система общественных отношений, рассмотрен-ных с позиции понятия стоимости. В марксистской философии она понимается как отрасль деятельности человека, связанная с производством материальных благ и воспроизводством материальных благ, удовлетворением основных материальных потребностей человека: в питании, в жилье и др. Аристотель противопоставляет экономику хрематистике — отрасли деятельности человека, связанной с извлечением выгоды. Экономика прямо или косвенно подчиняет себе всю человеческую деятельность
For additional studies
Exercise 14. Прочитайте и переведите (компетенция № 5).
My home
My house is a typical Russian home. Our flat is on the fifth floor of a nine-storied building. We have a nice flat in a new block of flats. It has all moden conveniences: central heating, running hot and cold water, electricity, gas, a lift and a chute to carry rubbish down. We have a three-room flat .There is a living-room, a bedroom, a study (which is also my room), a kitchen, a bath-room and a toilet there. There are also two closets in our flat. Our flat has two balconies. The living-room is the largest and most comfortable one in the flat. In the middle of the room there is a square dinner-table with six chairs round it. To the left of the dinner-table there is a wall-unit which has several sections: a sideboard, a wardrobe and some shelves. At the opposite wall there is a piano and a piano stool before it. To the right there is a little table with colour TV set on it. Opposite the TV set there are two cozy armchairs. A divan-bed and a standard lamp are in the left-hand corner. In front of the armchairs there is a small round table for newspapers and magazines. There is a thick carpet on the floor. Two water-colours hung on the wall above the divan-bed. In the evening we usually draw the curtains across the windows, and a red lampshade gives a warm colour to the room. The bedroom is smaller than the living-room and not so light as there is only one window in it. In this room there are two beds, two dressing-tables and a wardrobe. In the corner of the bedroom there is a small colors TV set. On the dressing table there is an alarm-clock and small lamp with green lamp-shade. Our study is the smallest room in the flat, but in spice of it, it is very cozy. There isn’t much furniture in it, but there are a lot of shelves full of books. It has a writing table, an armchair and a bookcase too. A small round table with cassette-recorder is standing in the right-hand corner of the study. Besides there is a small sofa near the wall opposite the bookcase. This room was my father’s study, but as I grew older, it has become my room. And in my opinion it is the best room in our flat. My friends used to come to my place to have a chat or to play chess in the evening, and they say my room is very comfortable. I share their opinion.
Cловарь
House- дом (здание)
Home- дом (родина, семейный очаг)
Convenience – удобство
Wardrobe – гардероб
water-colours - акварели
lampshade - абажур
chat - разговор
share - разделять
Exercise 15. Перескажите текст на английском языке (компетенция № 6).
Exercise 16. Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 7).
1. Where is the author’s flat located?
2. How many rooms are there there?
3. What’s there in the living room?
4. What’s there in the bedroom?
Exercise 17. Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 7).
1. Where is your flat located?
2. How many rooms are there there?
3. What’s there in the living room?
4. What’s there in the bedroom?
Exercise 18. расскажите собственную историю на тему дома и семьи (компетенция № 8).
Exercise 19 Прочитайте и усвойте конструкции.
How is your mother? She is fine, thanks.
How is your father? He is fine, thanks.
How is your sister? She is fine, thanks.
How is your brother? He is fine, thanks.
And how are you? I am fine too. Thank you.
I have a father,
I have a mother,
I have a sister,
I have a brother,
Father, mother, sister, brother
Hand in hand with one another.
How do you do, Hatty?
How do you do?
I hope you are well, Hatty.
I hope you are too.
Breakfast in the morning,
Dinner in the day,
Tea comes after dinner,
Then comes time to play,
Supper in the evening
When the sky is red,
Then the day is over
And we go to bed.
Magic crystal, tell me true:
In the future what will I do?
Will I be a writer? No, you won’t.
Will I be a doctor? Yes, you will,
(a teacher, a sailor, a pilot, a singer, a soldier, a dancer, an actor, a worker).
Vocabulary
aunt - тётя
uncle - дядя
cousin - двоюродный брат (сестра)
mother-in-law - свекровь, тёща
father-in-law - свекр, тесть
nephew-племянник
niece - племянница
sister-in-law - свояченица, золовка
brother-in-law - шурин, деверь
stepmother - мачеха
stepfather - отчим
stepson - пасынок
stepdaughter - падчерица
teacher - учитель
doctor - врач
engineer - инженер
driver - шофер
book-keeper - бухгалтер
worker - рабочий
shorthand typist - машинистка - стенографистка
lawyer - адвокат, юрист
manager - управляющий
painter - художник
builder - строитель
actor - актер, артист
actress - актриса
cook - повар
architect - архитектор
pianist - пианист (ка)
pilot - лётчик
typist - машинистка
clerk - клерк, служащий
plumber - водопроводчик
banker - банкир
secretary - секретарша
policeman - полицейский
saleswoman - продавщица
Word combinations to learn
to meet somebody - познакомиться с кем-либо.
to be from some place - быть уроженцем какого-либо места.
to live in a hall of residence - жить в общежитии.
to rent a room - снимать комнату.
to be married to smb. - быть замужем (женатым) за кем-то (на ком-то).
to be single - быть незамужем (неженатым).
to be fond of - любить что-либо, нравиться.
to be good at smth. - иметь способности к чему-либо.
to make coffee (tea) - приготовить кофе (чай).
to switch on (a TV, radio set) - включать (телевизор, радиоприемник).
to air the room - проветривать комнату.
to wash up - мыть посуду (после еды).
to cook meals - готовить еду.
to do one’s room - убирать в комнате.
to water flowers - поливать цветы.
to keep house - вести домашнее хозяйство.
to do housework - делать работу по дому.
to leave school - кончать школу.
to be ... years old - быть такого-то возраста.
I'm twenty - мне двадцать лет.
to be one’s senior (junior) - быть старше (младше) кого-то.
it takes ... to get to - уходит (о времени), чтобы добраться до ...
It takes me half an hour to get to my office - у меня уходит полчаса, чтобы добраться до работы.
by the way - между прочим.
sorry to say - к сожалению, жаль.
Sorry to say, but I don’t know this man. - К сожалению, я не знаю этого человека.
It's a treat - Это удовольствие, наслаждение.
It’s a treat to listen to his songs - Удовольствие слушать его песни.
let's say - скажем, к примеру.
Come and see me, let's say, on Sunday - Приходите ко мне, скажем, в воскресенье.
LESSON 2 HAVE YOU BEEN TO LONDON….
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст (компетенция № 5).
The heart of English language and education
London is not only the capital of the country of England, but it’s Education and language as well. Education is very important in our life. An educated person is a man who knows a lot about many things. He always tries to learn, find out, discover more about the world around him. He gets knowledge at school, from books, magazines, from TV. But the road to learning is not easy. To be successful in studies one must work heard. It’s for you to decide to learn and make progress or to waste your time fooling around.
The role of foreign languages is also increasing today. Thanks to the knowledge of foreign languages a person can read books, magazines in the original, talk to foreigners, translate different technical articles. They can use that knowledge in business as well. To know foreign languages is absolutly necessary for every educated person.
There are many reasons why people study foreign languages, English in particular. Here are some of them: to travel abroad; to get good job to have something to do in your spare time; to be better educated; to be familiar with social and cultural life in other countries; to be able to participate in conversations with people from English-speaking countries. English is the chief language of international business and academic conferences, and the leading language of international tourism. English is the main language of popular music, advertising, satellite broadcasting, home computers, and video games. A foreign language is not just a subject learnt in the classrooms. It’s something which is used in real life situations. Of course speaking and writing in a foreign language is a difficult and continuous process. But I’m sure that to know a foreign language is absolutely necessary for all educated person and modern specialists. Everything depends on our own efforts.
Vocabulary
Language – язык
knowledge - знание
Education - образование
Discover – открывать
Magazines - журналы
Waste - терять
fooling around – валяя дурака
reasons - причины
conversations - беседы
advertising - реклама
modern - современный
efforts – усилия
Exercise 2. Перескажите на английском языке (компетенция № 6).
Exercise 3. Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 7).
What person is and educated person?
What is the role of foreign languages today?
What is the role and use of English today?
What are the reasons why people study English and other foreign languages
How easy is it to learn English?
Exercise 4. Расскажите историю, используя слова из упражнения 1 (компетенция № 8).
Exercise 5. Переведите текст на английский язык (компетенция № 5).
Лондон - один из крупнейших городов мира. Это крупный промышленный, торговый и культурный центр Англии. Официальный резиденцией королевы является Букингемский дворец. Тауэр в прошлом был королевской резиденцией, потом тюрьмой, в настоящее время это музей. Биг Бен, знаменитые часы с курантами, находится в одной из башен парламента, он весит 13 тонн. Самый приятный жилой район Лондона - Вест Энд. Там много красивых парков, роскошных особняков, магазинов. Почти все лондонские музеи и театры сосредоточены в Вест Энде. Там же находится и Оксфорд-стрит - одна из самых оживленных улиц Лондона. В Ист Энде нет роскошных парков и особняков. Это в основном промышленный район. Здесь живут рабочие, докеры. Представители различных политических партий часто собираются в Гайд Парке. В центре Трафальгарской площади находится памятник адмиралу Нельсону. Вокруг площади много правительственных учреждений. Лондон вырос из старинного центра - Сити. Сити - район огромных контрастов и даже противоречий (contradictions). Это - Английский Банк (Bank of England) и фондовая биржа (Stock Exchange), Собор Св. Павла и десятки других церквей, построенных Кристофером Реном (Christopher Wren) в его особом стиле. Это и стены Тауэра, одного из величайших сооружений в истории Лондона. Здесь можно увидеть как узкие улочки с высокими мрачными зданиями викторианской эпохи (Victorian age), так и широкие проспекты и площади с современными зданиями из бетона (concrete) и стекла. Это смешение (mixture) исторических эпох наиболее ярко проявляется в церемонии вступления в должность (inauguration) Лорда-мэра (Lord Mayor). Церемония проводится ежегодно в ноябре после выборов (elections) нового Лорда-мэра.
Избранный Лорд-мэр проезжает по улицам Сити в золоченой карете (gilded coach), приветствуя жителей Лондона. Должность (post) Лорда-мэра была учреждена в 1191. Лорд-мэр избирается на один год и выполняет много почетных обязанностей. Он возглавляет Корпорацию Лондона (London Corporation), управляет (governs) Сити через Муниципальный Совет (Municiple Council). Он является главным судьей полицейского суда (police court) Сити, главой (admiral) Лондонского порта и первым гражданином столицы. Наряду с этим он продолжает заниматься своей личной профессиональной деятельностью. Таким образом, год, который он проводит на своем посту, становится чрезвычайно насыщенным.
ГРАММАТИКА
Past perfect progressive
1. Past Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола “to be” в форме Past Perfect (had been) и формы причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола:
I had been working. He had been working.
Схематически образование Past Perfect Continuous можно изобразить следующим образом (таблица 5).
Таблица 5. Образование Past Perfect Continuous
Had been + Part. I (Ving) |
2. В вопросительной форме первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:
Had I been working? Had he been working?
3. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:
I had not been working. He had not been working.
4. В вопросительно-отрицательной форме частица not ставится непосредственно после подлежащего (таблица 6):
Had I not been working? Had he not been working?
Таблица 6. Образование Past Perfect Continuous
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительно-отрицательная форма |
I had been working He (she, it) hat been working. We had been working. You had been working. They had been working. |
Had I been working? Had he (she, it) been working? Had we been working? Had you been working? Had they been working? |
I had not been working. He (she, it) had not been working. We had not been working. You had not been working. They had not been working. |
Had I not been working? Had (she, it) not been working? Had we not been working? Had you not been working? Had they not been working? |
5. В разговорной речи употребляются те же сокращения, что и в Past Perfect:
I’d been working. He’d been working. I hadn’t been working.
I’d not been working. Hadn’t I been working?
Употребление Past Perfect Continuous
1. Употребляется для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, начавшегося ранее другого прошедшего действия, выраженного в Past Indefinite и еще происходившего в момент его совершения. “For” указывает на период времени совершения действия (for 2 hours, for a long time, for 3 months и т.д.). “Since” указывает на начало действия. Переводится на русский язык глаголами прошедшего времени несовершенного вида, часто с наречием «уже».
He had been reading for a long time when his brother came. - Он уже долго читал, когда пришел его брат.
I had been living in Belgorod for 5 years when the war broke out. - Я жила в Белгороде уже 5 лет, когда началась война.
It had been raining for 2 hours when I left home. - Дождь шел уже 2 часа, когда я вышел из дома.
We could not go out because it had been raining since early morning. – Мы не могли выйти, потому что с раннего утра шел дождь.
2. Не употребляется с глаголами, не имеющими форм Continuous. Вместо Past Perfect Continuous употребляется Past Perfect.
I had been at the library for 3 hours when my friend came.
3. В отрицательных предложениях наряду с Past Perfect Continuous употребляется Past Perfect предпочтительно.
She had not gone to Moscow for several months when they met. - Она ездила в Москву уже несколько месяцев, когда они встретились.
4. С такими глаголами, как to study, to work, to live, to teach, to travel и пр. Наряду с Past Perfect Continuous употребляется Past Perfect.
Yesterday I felt nervous. I had not slept since 2 o’clock in the morning when he came. – Вчера я нервничала. Я не спала с 2 часов ночи, когда он приехал.
Употребление Past Perfect Continuous
Употребляется для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, которое закончилось непосредственно перед моментом наступления другого прошедшего действия. Переводится на русский язык глаголами прошедшего времени несовершенного вида.
Last Sunday I met my friend. He looked tired. He had been playing football. – В прошлое воскресенье я встретила своего приятеля. Он выглядел усталым. Он играл в футбол.
Mary was sad last Sunday. Her eyes were red. She had been crying. – Мэри была печальна в прошлое воскресенье. Глаза у нее покраснели. Она плакала/
ЗАДАНИЯ ПО ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ
Exercise 6. Поставьте данные в скобках глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous (компетенция № 2).
1. All the roads were blocked: it (snow) all night long.
2. I was tired. I (work) all day long.
3. After I (walk) for an hour, I decided to have a rest.
4. She fell ill because she (work) hard.
5. Mary could see that the child (cry) for some time.
6. It became very dark and the children (speak) in low voices.
7. Jim said that he (write) all day.
8. I knew they (correspond) for years.
9. He said he (work) in a newspaper office since his return from abroad.
10. He (study) the problem for two years.
11. It was very cold in the house and she (lie) awake for hours.
12. There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes. Somebody (smoke) in the room.
13. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn’t know where she was. She (dream).
Exercise 7. Поставьте глаголы в наиболее подходящее время: Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous (компетенция № 2).
1. We were good friends. We (know) each other for a long time.
2. It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours (have) a party.
3. John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he (walk) so fast.
4. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouth full. They (eat).
5. Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She (run).
6. When I arrived, Kate (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she (wait) for a very long time.
7. I was sad when I sold my car. I (had) it for a very long time.
8. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We (travel) for more than 24 hours.
9. How long they (meet) before they got married?
10. How long you (take) this medicine before you got well?
11. The actors (rehearse) the play for a month before they (stage) it.
12. He (compose) music for 2 years before he (become) famous.
13. The students (listen) to the tapes for 15 minutes before they (catch) the intonation.
14. Jim was on his hand and knees on the floor because he (look) his pen.
15. The magnificent car (wait) at the door. It (wait) for three hours.
16. The telephone (ring) for a few minutes before somebody picked up the receiver.
17. That day the sun (shine) since morning and the sky (be) blue.
18. I (tell) him what I (do) and he (tell) me what he (do) in the last three months.
19. They (walk) along the street for half an hour before they (see) a cafe.
20. She (thank) me for what I (do).
21. He (leave) a message that he (call).
22. He clearly (listen) to the conversation and I (wonder) how much he (hear).
Exercise 8. Переведите на русский язык (компетенция № 5).
1. I took a firmer grasp of Helen’s hand which I had been holding under the table for the last hour.
2. For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry.
3. I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time.
4. Silvia had been talking to him – persuading him to agree to a course of treatment, and he said he would.
5. He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me.
6. He sat down and pulled on a pair of thick woolen overstocks Ginny had been warming by the stove.
7. He gave no sign that he noticed that a man in a blue suit had gotten up from an arm-chair where he had been sitting.
8. Gemma, who had been helping Katie to set the room tidy again, sat down at the table.
9. She looked up. No, she had not been dreaming.
10. The man, who had been staring at the blank wall, looked up at the inspector.
11. The man was still leaning against the wall. He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room, his arms folded across his chest.
12. Strangely enough she received confirmation of this theory on the following day, and it came from Roger. They had been playing tennis and, sipping afterwards iced drinks, had been talking about various things.
Exercise 9. Переведите на английский язык (компетенция № 5).
1. Мери, которая с утра убирала квартиру, услышала звонок и вышла в холл.
2. Сколько времени вы катались на велосипедах, прежде чем пошел дождь?
3. До того, как секретарь пригласила меня войти, я ждала минут двадцать.
4. Дождь шел уже больше часа, как вдруг раздался удар грома.
5. Она с криком села на кровати, ей снилось, что дом весь в огне.
6. Ребятам было очень жарко, с самого утра они играли в футбол.
7. Сколько времени она брала уроки английского, прежде чем поступила в университет?
8. Я так долго сидела на берегу, что совсем озябла.
9. С самого утра ветер все усиливался, и, наконец, началась настоящая буря.
10. Тень луны постепенно закрывала солнце, пока не стало темно, как в сумерки.
11. Она долго обдумывала, что ей делать, и только потом поняла, что делать-то было нечего.
12. Я так давно надеялась получить у него автограф, но он так и не приехал в наш город.
13. Когда он, наконец, прибыл в Лондон, оказалось. Что он летел почти тридцать шесть часов.
Exercise 10. Сопоставьте левую и правую колонки (компетенция № 4).
1. They had been experimenting for a year.
2. He had been writing poetry for some years.
3. They had been repairing the palace for a few years.
4. I had been living in London for a year.
5. He had been working very hard for a few years.
6. We had been studying the Perfect Continuous Tenses for a month.
7. She had been working at school for 25 years when I came upon his name in a newspaper |
before the palace was open for the public
before they achieved some promising results
before his first collection of poems came out
before she became a pensioner
before he could keep his family before we wrote a test-paper |
Проф-тексты
Exercise 11. Прочитайте, переведите и перескажите текст используя данные слова (компетенция № 11).
Management
Management in all business and human organisation activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act of management. Some definitions of management are: Organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of clearly defined objectives. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909–2005), the basic task of a management is twofold: marketing and innovation. Directors and managers who have the power and responsibility to make decisions to manage an enterprise. As a discipline, management comprises the interlocking functions of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the firm’s resources to achieve the policy’s objectives. The size of management can range from one person in a small firm to hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large firms the board of directors formulates the policy which is implemented by the chief executive officer.
Vocabulary
Goals, objectives – цели
Staffing- кадровая комплектация
Directing - управление
Deployment - размещение
Enterprise - предприятие
Responsibility - ответственность
chief executive officer – генеральный директор
Exercise 12. Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 13)
What is management?
What does it comprise?
What is the size of management?
Who formulates policies in large firms?
Exercise 13. Переведите на английский, используя выученные слова (компетенция № 12).
Менеджмент (в максимально широком смысле) — руководство социально-экономическими системами. Менеджмент- руководство (отделы), управление (коммерческая дирекция), организация (создание структуры). Имеет пять функций: планирование, организация, мотивация, координация и контроль. Взаимосвязь этих функций определяется тем, что нельзя управлять неорганизованной системой, то есть, чем лучше организовано предприятие, тем меньше оно нуждается в управлении. Организация (как деятельность): 1) образование и совершенствование связей между частями целого; 2) создание и совершенствование структуры и правил функционирования ее элементов. Управление: 1) процесс (деятельность), направленный на достижение цели; 2) перевод системы из одного состояния в заданное или удержание в заданном. Управление социально-экономическими системами, в том числе производственными — получило название менеджмент.
Дополнительно
Exercise 14. Прочитайте и переведите стихотворение (компетенция № 5).
Afternoon in February
by Henry W.Longfellow
The day is ending,
The night is descending;
The marsh is frozen,
The river dead.
Through clouds like ashes
The red sun flashes
On village windows
That grimmer red.
The snow recommences;
The buried fences
Mark no longer
The road o’er the plain.
Exercise 14 Прочитайте и переведите диалог о погоде. Как вам нравится недавняя погода в вашем городе?
Olaf: Why do English people so often say something about the weather when they begin a conversation with strangers?
Mr. Green: Well, of course, in England the weather’s always changing. We never know what to expect. If you were in a country where the weather doesn’t change much, it would be difficult to say much about it. But you asked why we talk about the weather to strangers. That’s an interesting question. It’s probably because the weather’s a subject it’s quite safe to talk about. It’s a way of reaching agreement. I begin by saying, “A cold morning, isn’t it?” The other man says, “It certainly is”. I say, “It’s been cold all week”, and the other man says, “Yes, we’re having a very cold spring”. So far we’ve agreed about everything. Perhaps I make a remark about something I’ve seen in the newspaper. I say, perhaps, “I see the Italians have beaten us at football again”. The other man says, “Yes, seven-nil this time”. Well, when we’ve exchanged remarks on subjects of this kind, on which there can be no disagreement, we’re beginning to feel friendly. If we’d started with subjects on which disagreement was possible, politics, for example, we might not have become friendly. Language isn’t used only for giving or asking for facts.
Mrs.Green: Remarks about the weather are a safe way of opening communication with a stranger. When I go abroad, to a country where I can’t speak the language, I always try to learn a few phrases, like “Good morning”, “Good afternoon”, “Isn’t it a nice day”, “Please” and “Thank you”. People are suspicious of strangers who are completely silent.
Mr.Green: Oh,yes. These words are certainly useful when you come to this country. (A.S. Hornby. Oxford Progressve English for Adult Learners)
Exercise 16. Прочитайте и переведите (компетенция № 5).
Weather Forecast
George took the paper, and read us out the weather forecast which promised “rain, cold, wet to fine, occasional local thunderstorms, east wind, with general depression over Midland Counties (London and Channel). Bar falling”. I think that all this silly, irritating tomfoolishness which plagues us, this “weather forecast” fraud is the most aggravating. It “forecasts” what happened yesterday or the day before, and just the opposite of what is going to happen today. I remember how a holiday of mine was completely ruined one day late autumn because we paid attention to the weather report of the local newspaper. “Heavy showers, with thunderstorms, may be expected today”, it said on Monday, and so we gave up our picnic, and stopped indoors all day waiting for the rain. And people passed the house going off merrily, the sun shone out and there was not a cloud in the sky. “Ah!” We said, as we stood looking out at them through the window, “they will come home soaked!”
And we chuckled when we thought how wet they were going to get, and came back and stirred the fire and got our books. At twelve o’clock the sun was pouring into the room and the heat became quite oppressive, and we wondered, when those heavy showers and occasional thunderstorms were going to begin. “Ah! They’ll come in the afternoon”, we said to each other. “Oh, won’t those people get wet!” At one o’clock the landlady came in and asked if we weren’t going out as it was such a lovely day. “No, no”, we replied with a knowing chuckle, “not we. We don’t mean to get wet - nо, no”. And when the afternoon was nearly gone, and still there was no sign of rain, we tried to cheer ourselves up with the idea that it would come down all at once, just as the people had started for home, and were out of the reach of any shelter, and that they would thus get more drenched than ever. But not a drop fell, and it was a grand day, and a lovely night after it.
Vocabulary
season - время года
to snow - идти (о снеге)
to rain - идти (о дожде)
to pour with rain - лить, как из ведра
shower - ливень, проливной дождь
to freeze - замерзать, морозить
frost - мороз
frosty - морозный
to set in - наступать, устанавливаться (о времени года)
to be covered with snow (ice, hoarfrost) - быть покрытым снегом (льдом, изморозью)
to drizzle - моросить
to melt - таять
to thaw - таять (при оттепели)
to sleet - моросить (о дожде со снегом)
to look at one’s best - выглядеть лучше всего
St. Petersburg looks at its best in June - Петербург выглядит лучше всего в июне
thunderstorm - гроза
snowstorm - метель, буран
below (above) zero - ниже (выше) нуля
Indian summer - бабье лето
turn to worse (better) - ухудшиться, (улучшиться)
to keep fine - оставаться хорошей (о погоде)
the weather is still keeping fine - погода всё ещё стоит хорошая
to be in for a spell of good (nasty) weather - иметь период хорошей (плохой) погоды
it looks like rain (thunderstorm) - похоже на дождь (грозу)
to affect the climate – влиять на климат
average temperature - средняя температура
to stay indoors - оставаться в помещении
weather forecast - прогноз погоды
foggy, misty - туманный, туманно
muddy - грязный, грязно
slushy - слякотный, слякотно
to rain cats and dogs - лить, как из ведра
nasty (beastly, dreadful) weather - ужасная, отвратительная погода
the temperature falls (rises) - температура падает (повышается)
Поговорим о Лондоне
Exercise 16 Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 7).
1. What is London?
2. What river does it stand on?
3. What was entry to London from the sea guarded by?
4. What words comprise the history of the Tower?
5. What did London grow out of?
6. What is the City?
7. What is one of the most interesting monuments in the city?
8. Who was it designed by?
9. How long did it take him to construct the Cathedral?
10. What outstanding English men are buried there?
11. What is the West End?
12. Where do working people live?
13. What buses can be seen in the streets of London?
Exercise 17. Выберите правильный адрес (компетенция № 7).
1. Where are Government offices situated? (Downing street, Trafalgar square, Whitehall).
2. What street is the residence of the Prime Minister located in? (Strand, Oxford street, Downing street).
3. What is the official residence of the Queen in London? (Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace, Westminster Palace).
4. What is the place of coronations and royal weddings? (St.Paul’s Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace).
5. Where did Sherlok Holmes live? (Piccadilly Circus, Baker street, Strand).
6. Where is the monument to Nelson? (Trafalgar square, Hyde Park, the Tower)?
7. Where are all the newspaper offices situated? (Oxford Street, Fleet Street, Baker Street).
8. Where is Big Ben? (Westminster Abbey, St.Stephen’s Tower, Buckingham Palace).
9. Where do the Thames flow into? (The North Sea, the Irish Sea, the English Channel).
Exercise 18. Согласитесь или оспорьте, используя данные конструкции: Yes, it is really so. You are quite right; or: It’s not so. You are wrong (компетенция № 4, 9).
1. The Thames flows into the Baltic Sea.
2. Entry to London from the sea is guarded by St.Paul’s Cathedral.
3. The Tower once served as a royal residence and now it is a prison.
4. St. Paul’s Cathedral is in the City.
5. The Tower now is the official residence of the Queen.
6. Big Ben is a famous chiming clock in one of the Parliament’s two towers.
7. The City is London’s shopping centre.
Vocabulary
Succession - сочетание
Headache - -головная боль
Heart - сердце
Lungs - легкие
Cough - кашель
Slips – бланки, направления
Kidneys - почки
Liver - -печень
Stomach - живот
Hearing - слух
blood pressure - давление
scarlet fever - скарлатина
x-ray - рентген
prescription - рецепт
chemist’s - аптека
proverb - пословица
ambulance – скорая помощь
surgical department – отдел хирургии
Exercise 2. Перескажите текст на английском языке (компетенция № 6).
Exercise 3. Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 7).
1. When do we go to see the doctor?
2. What happens at the registry?
3. What procedures must we attend?
4. What did the author tell about himself?
5. What happens in the case of sudden ilness?
Exercise 4. Ответьте на вопросы о себе. (компетенция № 7).
1. Did you ever attend a doctor?
2. What was the reason ?
3. What happened in the clinic?
4. Did you ever go to the hospital or first aid station?
Exercise 5. Расскажите собственную историю о посещении врача. (компетенция № 8).