3. He has entered the Institute this year.

4. He entered the Institute last year.

5. Have you passed your examination?

6. Did you pass your examination on Friday well?

7. He has already returned to Moscow.

8. He returned to Moscow five days ago.

9. They haven’t received any good results.

10. They didn’t receive any good resuits when they worked with this type of equipment.

11. The temperature has been maintained at the point of 20 degrees since the beginning of the experiment

12. During the experiment the temperature was maintained at the point of 20 degrees.

13. Has the new apparatus been already installed in the laboratory?

14. When was the new apparatus installed in the laboratory?

15. The new apparatus had already been installed when the delegation arrived,

16. Употребите глагол ш скобках в нужном времени акпввого или пассивного залоп.

Зшм переведите предложения.

1. Не ... (to be interested) in history since his childhood.

2. The positive results ... (to be obtained) until a more powerful apparatus was installed.

- 3. They ... (to determine) the main properties of the substance.

2. The explanation of these strange facts ... (to be given) yet.

3. He ... (to be offered) a very interesting job at that Institute.

4. All the necessary information ... (to be stored) in the computer

5. After careful consideration your report... (to be published) in one of the forthcoming issues of the journal.

6. 

   The problem of the future of human civilization on the Earth is ... (to be studied) by the scientists throughout the world.

AUDIAL PRACTICE

1. a) Listen to the story “Uncle Philip” and be ready to answer the following questions.

1. What was uncle Philip?

2. What was he famous for?

3. Who did he send for when he was dying?

4. What did he say to Tom?

5. What was written m the letter?

6. Why did uncle PhiUp decide to act so?

7. Can you think of any plan of opening the box?

2. Retell the story.

3. You are Tom Tell us what you know about your uncle and his decision to leave his fortune to you.

2. You know there are whole families who devoted their lives to science. The people this story is about worked in different fields of science and perhaps some of the names are familiar to you. But you may not know that ail of them were relatives. _t

1. Listen to the text “A Family of Scientists” and fill in the chart.

2. Check your answers with the teacher or your groupmates

3. Read the transcript on p. 424.Look up the words you do not know in your dictionary.

1. Topic. The scientist I’d like a new street to be named after.

In a new district of your town a new street has just been built. The people of the town are now discussing what name should be given to it. You believe that the street should be named after a scientist. Try to convince the jury in it. In your speech present information on:

1. the name of the scientist you would like the street to be named after;

2. where and when he/she was bom and worked;

3. the field of science the scientist worked in;

4. the discovery or invention he/she made;

5. where the results of his/her work axe used now,

6. why you have chosen this scientist.

2. Pairwork. On his way to the institute Paul meets Michael, one of his friends.

1. Listen to their conversation.

MICHAEL'. Look here, Paul, we are going to give a party next week. Would you like to crane?

PAUL: Thank you. With pleasure. Who else are you going to invite? MICHAEL: I think Ann and Julia will crane, some boys from my group. I had to invite my cousin Philip. He is such a bore, but my mother insists сю it.

PAUL\ Don't worry. I’m sure we’re going to have a good time. I have some new pop compact discs. We’ll listen to the music and dance.

MICHAEL: O K.

2. Complete the dialogues.

I. A.: 2. A.:

В Thank you With pleasure В Torn and Kate will come.

A.: What are we going to do?

A.:

3.A.:

2. : Don’t worry.

1. :

3. Think of some good questions for the following answers. The answers needn’t be true.

1. Twice

2. It’s very simple.

3. ft’s very difficult for me

4. Both you and me

5. Very soon.

6. In a store-room

7. In the space.

8. The doctor

9. In France.

10. Throughout the world

4. On Sunday Peter is giving a birthday party. Now he is going to discuss the list of guests with his mother (father) Student A takes the part of Peter and student В the part of Peter’s mother (father).

PETER'S MOTHER (FATHER): You should see that not a single relative of yours (see the scheme below) would be forgotten. At the same time you insist that not more than twelve guests would be invited.

PETER: You are eager to invite five of your friends and some relatives (see the scheme below). Discuss the list with your mcrther or father.

5. Discussion. You know some professions are usually preferred by women, some by men. Some people think that there are some professions which are only for men or for women. Do you agree that nowadays there are women’s and men’s professions?

1. Read the following arguments which support the opposite points of view. Think of some more.

1. Some professions are dangerous for women¹ s health.

2. Some jobs can be done by men and women (a nurse, a teacher, etc.), some only by men (a spaceman, a captain of a ship, etc.),

3. Some professions don't leave women time to look after children.

1. Women are as clever as men and have equal rights to choose a profession.

2 . Men and women should work side by side m all walks of life.

2. Discuss the problem in groups of 3-5 students to make a decision

3. Fill in the chart and give your reasons.

104

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
There are some professions which are only for men or women.
There are no professions which are only for men or women.

4. Look through the following list of professions. Which of them would you recommend for girls and which for boys?

a plumber a book-keeper

a fireman a shop-assistant

an officer a postman

a doctor a nurse

a cook a secretary

a poet an aigineer

a pilot a teacher

a butcher a pianist

READING PRACTICE .

1. a) Read tbe names of different women and say what they are famous for, matching the names on the right with the professions on the left

Madonna a scientist

Jane Osten a mathematician

Marie Curie a founder of the nursing profession

Sofia Kovalevskaya the first cosmonaut

Florence Nightingale a writer

Jane Fonda a singer

Valentina Tereshkova a politician

Margaret Thatcher a film star

the creator of aerobics

2. Below there is the text about one of these women - Marie Curie. Read the text and find a suitable title for each part of the text from the list below.

1. Experiments with uranium.

2. Marie lived to see die completion of her work с» radioactivity.

3. Marie and Pierre discover a new element.

4. Marie’s youth.

5. Student’s life in Fans.

6. Pierre Curie.

7. Marie and Pierre get married.

8. Experiments with pitchblende. *

TEXT 4A

MARIE CURIE AND THE DISCOVERY OF RADIUM

1. Marie Curie was bom in Warsaw on 7 November, 1867. Her father was a teacher of science and mathematics in a school in the town, and from him little Maria Sklodowska - which was her Polish name - learned her first lessons in science.¹ Maria’s wish was to study at the Sorbonne in Paris, and after many years of waiting she finally left her native land in 1891.

2. In Paris Maria began a course of hard study and simple living. She determined to work for two Master’s degrees - one in Physics, the other in Mathematics. Thus she'had ^.wpjk twice as hard as the 6rak^ &udenl. Yet she had scaKkiy^oUgn money to live on. She lived in ihe poorest quarter of Paris. Night after night, after her hard day’s work at the University, she got to her poorly furnished room and worked at her books steadily for hours. Sometimes she had no more than a bag of cherries. Though she was often weak and ill, she worked in this way for four years. She had сЫ$еп her course and nothing could turn her from it.

3. Among the many scientists Maria met and worked with in Paris was Pierre Curie. Pierre Curie, bom in 1859 in Paris, was the son of a doctor, and from early childhood fo had Ыед fascinated by science. _a.

At sixteen he was a S^elcff 4>f Science, and he took his Master’s degibe in Physics when he was eighteen: When helmet Maria Sklodowska he was thirty-five years old and was famous throughout Europe for his discoveries in magnetism. But in spite of the honour he had brought to France by bis discoveries, the French Government could only give hijm a very little &1aiy 'as a reward, and die University of Paris refused him a laboratory of his own for his researches.

4. Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodowska, both of whom loved science more than anything else, very soon became the closest friends. They worked together constantly and discussed many problems of their researches. After little more than a year they fell in love with each other, and in 1895 Maria Sklodowska became Mme Curie. Theirs was not only to be a very happy marriage but also one of the greatest scientific partnerships

Marie had been the greatest woman-scientist of her day but she was a mother too, a very loving one. There were their two little girls, Irene and Eve 106

5. By this time Mme Curie had obtained her Master’s degree in Physics and Mathematics, and was busy with researches on steel': She now wished to o&tain a Doctor’s degree For this it was necessary to offer to the examiners a special study, called a thesis.⁶ /

For some time Pierre Curie had been interested in the work of a French scientist named Becquerel There is a rare metal called uranium which, as Becquerel discovered, emitis' rays very much like X-rays. These rays made marks on a photographic plate when it was wrapped m black paper. The Curies got interested in these rays of uranium. What caused them? Fipw strong woe they? There were many such questions that pulled Marie Curie and her husband. Here, they decided, was the very subject for Marie’s Doctor’s thesis.

6. The research, was carried out under great difficulty. Mme. Curie had touse: aji old s^ore^room at the University as her laboratory - she was reft^M^a betterjrpom. It was cold,jthere was no pr&pkr apparatus and very little space for research work. ?оси she discovered that the rays of uranium were like no other known rays

Marie Curie wanted to find out if other chemical substances might ertut similar rays jSo she_? Ьетап to examine every known chemical substance. Once after rej^Sfifi^Jipr e^eriments time after time she found that a mineral called pitchblende³ ёпйШ^тисЬ more powerful rays than any she had already found.

Now, an е1епдеп^ is a chemical substance which so far as is known cannot be spft^'mto other substances. As Mme. Curie had examined every known chemical element and nong of them had emitted such powerful rays as pit&iblende she could oily decide that this mineral must contain same new element. ₄ ^

7. Sctfdntis&s had declared that every demen^ .was already known to them. But all Mme. Curie’s experiments pointecl out that it was not so. Pitchblende must бШam some new and unknown element There was no other ехр(ЯЙ£юп for the powerful rays which it emitt&l. At that moment Pierre Curie stopped his own investigations on the physics of crystals and joined nis wife in her effort to find those more active unknown chemical elements.

Scientists call the property of giving out such rays “radioactivity”, and Mme. Curie decided to call the new element “radium”, because it was more strongly radioactive than any known metal. , _: ■

In 1903 Marie and Pierre together with Henry Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

In 1911 Marie received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. But the second prize wait to her alone for in 1906 Pierre had died tragically in a traffic accident. !<<?<"!’

Mme. Sktodowska-Curie, the leading woman-scientist, the greatest woman of her generation, has become the first person to ^receive a Nobel Prize twice. °

8. Marie lived to see her story repeated. Her daughter Irene grew into a woman with the same interests as her mother’s and she was deeply interested in her mother’s work. From Marie she learned all about radiology and chose science for her career. At twenty-nine she married Frederic Joiiot, a brilliant scientist at the Institute of Radium, which her parents had founded.

Together the Joiiot-Cwfite tsemed on the research work that Irene’s mother had begun. In 1935 lftiee rad her husband wot the Nobel Prize for their discovery of a Aiftciaf radioactivity. r ,

So, Marie lived to see the completion of the great work, but she died ж the eve of the award.

KCW-/K

^{1 y} NOTES TO THE TEXT

1. science - зд. естественные науки

2. thesis - зд. диссертация

3. pitchblende - уранит (урановая смолка)

2. Find the passages describing Pierre Curie’s scientific career and BccquereTs experiments and translate then into Russian.

3. Read aloud the passage about Pierre Curie’s career. (Approximate time of reading Is one minute.)

4. Find in the text sentences with Perfect Tenses and explain why these tenses are used

0 Find in the text the verbs which can be used to describe the main events in Marie’s lift.

CqeiATA'f

But die story of Madame Tussaud is as impressive as her exhibition.

Two things about her are especially interesting. First, she spent her early years in the turmoil of the French Revolution and came to meet many of its characters, and perhaps more^unusualty, she succeeded ^business at a time when women were этаот involved in the world of corfimerce.

Madame Tussaud whose first name is Marie was bom in France in 1761. Her father, a soldier, was lolled in battle two^rponths before her birth.

She lived with th^mtfherwho worked as a housekeeper for the docto^who had a wonderful SKulof modelling anatomical subjects in wax. Soon Marie and her modier withthe dotfor Curtius moved to Paris.

France was approaching the Revolution. Dr. Curtius’s house became a meeting place of philosophers, writers and revolutionaries. Marie soon discovered she had a talent for observe» iand remembering the details of

Dr. Curtius acteS as a teacher to Marie, schooling her in the tecbmques of wax portraits. Thanks to him she used a scientific approach in wax por£raJturet1$he was soon/a$&wecf to model <uie great figures of the time. Among them were Francois Vohaire and the American statesman feenjamm ^ Franklin. Dr. Curtius’s exhibition was patronized by the French R^yal'⁶*^ family and Marie was invited to the Royal Cofrrt.

At the time of die revolution Marie and her modier were imprisoned for some time. Later Marie was asked to prepare the death masks of French aristocrats who had been - among them the King and the Quern.

, Tberime of terror came to an end. In 1794 the doctor died and Marie mhented me business which had grown under her influence.

In the following years she married a French engineer, Francois Tussaud and by 1800 had given birth to three children: a daughter who died and two sons. It was difficult for the exhibition to survive in France and in 1802 Marie Tussaud made a monumental decision. She would leave her husband and baby son in Paris while she and her elder son would tour the exhibition roundthe British Isles.

Marie was to see neither France nor her husband again. She spot the next 33 years travelling in Great Britain. Later her cither son jrihed her. Both of her sons were interested in the business. The towels endoi in 1835 when Madame Tussaud’s exhibition f$Wl a, p/rrn&nent home in London. Si&fe'ttfat there have been fires and dira&ers but many new figures have been added to the collection. This unusual woman died in 1884 at the age of 89.

You can see her remarkable self-portrait in Museum as well.

2>ам^ 7 qtncncpjpfT

b) Describe the pictures on pp. 110-111 using the text and the captions.

The Market Place, Hull, 1834. Madame Tussaud's origins in Britain were as a a travelling exhibition, touring the length and ВгеЗсЙ^ of the British Isles. ,

Madame Tussaud's building since 1884 (Baker Street, London).

Jean Paul Marat (1743-93), celebrated French physician, scientist and journalist who joined the French Revolution in 1789. Assassinated by Charlotte Corday, a royalist, in his bath.This death mask was moulded by Madame Tussaud herself and is an

vac Ayr t и* •' un­

important reminder of the

origins of the exhibition.

TEXT4C

ERNEST RUTHERFORD * ^{; 4}

1. How did Ernest Rutherford’s father earn his ftving?

Ernest Rutherford was bom ш August 30, 1871, in New Zealand, in the family of English settlers . ^

In 1861 £old was found in New Zealand and many foreigners came^o hve there Industry began to develop, the country began to increase' its

^eXP°^rt- WWW

Ernest’s father ..earned his living by bridge-building and other

construction work required in the country at that period. At the same time

he earned on small-scale fanning.

2. In what subjects did Ernest distinguish himself (отличился)?

Little Ernest was the fourth child in the family. When the boy was five he was sent to primary school. After finishing primary sdiool he went to the secondary school. He liked to read at school very much. His favourite writer was Charlra Dickens. He also lik^.to make models of diffgrept machines. He was particularly interested in watches and cameras, heaven constructed a camera himself.

At school he was good at physics, mathematics, English, French and Latin. He paid much attention to chemistry too. Ernest became the best pupil at sdiool. At the age of 19 he finished school and altered the New Zealand University.

3. In what activities did Rutherford take part when he was a student?

At the University Ernest Rutherford was one of the most talented students. He worked hard and took an active part in die work of the Sciaitific Society of the University. But he was also fond of sports and took part in the students’ sport competitions.

At one of the meetings of the Scientific Society he made his scientific report “The Evolution of Elements”. At the same time he began his rese§rcli work. For his talented sciaitific research he got a prize. After graduation Rutherford went to Cambridge where he dontinued his investigations (исследования).

4. What did Rutherford do besides research work?

Some years later Rutherford moved to Canada to continue his research work at the University in Montreal. Besides his successful researches he also lectured a lot at the leading Universities of tlfe United States and England.

Rutherford’s famous work “The Scattering (распространение^of Alpha and Beta Particles of Matter and the Structure of the Atom’’ proved ' that the atom could be bombarded so that the electrons could be thrbwn on, and the nucleus (ядро) itself couldbe Ьгокш. In the process of splitting the nucleus matter was converted into aiergy, which for the scientists of the 19th century ^med^believable^ кое

5* In what fields of economy can atomic energy find its peaceful appbcahon?

The splitting of the atom has opened to Mari a 4ew-aad-WI[TTOus sour^ of aiergy. The most important results have been obtained by

■ " L +—

* * nc AV'tehW 3~?

splitting the atom of uranium. _f л •

At p»Veseirt we are only at the beginning of the application of atomic w energy and all its possible uses for peaceful purposes in power engmeemg, medicine and agriculture

Ernest Rutherford paid much attstrtion to his young pupils. After 1920 he did not make great discoveries in science, but taught young scientists who worked in the field of atomic research work. Amon£ his favourite pupils was Pyotr Kapitsa, a famous Soviet physicist.

Ernest Rutherford died in the autumn of 1937 at the age of 66, and was buried at Westminster Abbey not far from the graves of Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday.

4. You яге s guide of three specialists who arrived in Great Britain on a business trip from 12 January to 12 February. You can find the problems they are interested in in the following chart. Look through “Ctyming Events” and make a programme for each of them. Fill in the chart

Name (country)	Problem	Event	Place	Date/time
1. Prof. Petrov I. (Russia)	computers and micro­processors
2. Dr. La Roche (France)	sport cars
3. Drf J. Smith (the USA)	history of automobile industry

TEXT 4D COMING EVENTS

CAD/CAM (Conmuter Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) International Snow ($-10 January)

International shov^, organized by International Exhibitions to be held in Birmingham. Further information from International Exhibitions Ltd, 8 Herbal Hill, London.

Glasgow Museum of Transport (28 January)

A visit is being arranged to Museum of Transport, 25 Albert Drive, Glasgow by Scottish AD Coitre. Assemble at 6 p.m. but persons wishing to attend should first contact Jim Douglas on 041 332/6811 as numbers are limited.

Henry Royce - mechanic (31 January)

j Лдейие to be presented by Donald Bestow at a meeting organized jonitry between Western AD Centre aad^Xft^tgpi Bram&ito be held in the Queen’s Building University of Bristol, commencing 7 p .m

Subject to be announced (5 February) ... /

. pi

A lecture organized by Birmingham AD Centre will be announced in Medumical Engmeering Ne^s. It is to Ъе held at the Chamber of Industry and Commerce. Further information from R E, Smith.

The history of the VW Beetle (11 February)

Lecture to be presented by Jonathan Wood, Automobile Historian, at a meeting organized by Derby AD Centre to be held in Room U 020, Brockington Bldg, University of Loughborough, commencing 6.15 p.m.

Microprocessors in fluid power engineering (3-4 February)

Conference organized by the institution of Mechanical Engineers to be held at the University of Bad), further information from the Conference Department.

Computer-aided design (12-14 January)

'V С 'i

A snort course for engineers and draughtsmen organized by die IMechE is to be held at the Centre of Engineering Design, Cranfield Institute of Technology Contact the Courses Officer for further information.

Jaguar sports cars (25 January)

Lecture to be presented by Mr Randle of Jaguar Cars Ltd at a meeting organized by Luton AD Centre to be held at the Sun Hotel, Sun Street, Hitchin, commencing 8 pm

Robot ’90» (2-5 February)

14th International Exhibition Symposium on Industrial Robots organized by the Swedish Trade Fair Foumiaiion to be held in Gothenburg, Sweden Further information from the Swedish Fair Foundation, Goteborg, Sweden.

Sir Henry Royce Memorial Lecture (15 February)

Lecture, organized by IMechE AD Centre at 1 Birdcage Walk, London, to be given by Ing Sergio Pininfanna at 6 p.m.

114

Students’ Project - presentation evening (15 February)

Lecture to be given by undergraduates from local educational e&iimiAmerts, organized by Derby AD Centre to be held in Room U 020, Brockington Building, University of Technology, Loughborough, commencing 5.45 for 6.15 p.m. Further information from C.E. Hunter.

Racing Jaguars (16 January)

Lecture to be presented by Mr, J. Randle, Direqtgr, Product Engineering, Jaguar Cars Ltd at a meeting organized joiritlybetween IProd E and NM Branch NP YMS by North Eastern AD Centre to be held at the Metropole Hotel, Leeds, commencing 7.15 p.m.

Formula one motor racing (25 January)

Lecture to be presented by Mr S. Hallam of Lotus Cars at a meeting organized by Western AD Centre to be held at the Queens Buildings, University of Bristol, commencing 7 p.m.

WRITING PRACTICE

In Dreamland you decided to stay at the Royal Hotel. Complete the information on the form in order to book rooms far you and your friend. Think of the most suitable dates.

THE ROYAL HOTEL

Room Reservation Request

Please reserve (insert timbers of rooms):

Twin bedded □ Double bedded □

Single □

From night of '

To morning of

With breakfast □

Without breakfast □

Name

Address .

Telephone No.

Approximate time of arrival

]. add (v)

2. among (prp)

3. be interested (v)

4. both (pron)

5. carry out (v)

6. caiue (v, n)

1. close (a)

8. contain (v)

9. determine (v)

10. discovery (n)

1 1. else (adv)

12. enough (adv)

13. explanation (n)

14. furnish (y)

15. get (v)

16. land fit)

17. mark fit)

18. meet (v)

19. obtain (v)

20. offer (v)

23. once (adv)

22. ordinary (a)

23. point out (v)

24. powerful (a)

25. proper faj

26. property fit)

27. ray (n)

28. refuse (v)

29. research fit)

30. scarcely (adv)

31. science , 32. similar (a)

33. simple (a)

34. so far as (cj)

35. soon (adv)

36. space (a)

37. split (v)

38. steadily (adv)

39. store (v)

40. strong (a)

41. substance fit)

42. though (cj)

43. throughout (adv)

44. turn (v, n)

45. twice (adv)

UNITS

INVENTORS AND THEIR INVENTIONS

LANGUAGE MATERIAL

VOCABULARY >

1. Ilpowrafrre Еикые слеш вслух, юшшштк с их русскими эквивалентами. Опре де.игге их значения в дяшых предложениях.

1. SCIENTIST ученый

2. ТО CARE (FOR)

любить, заботиться о ком-л.

3. ТО MAKE (MADE, MADE)

1. делать; изготавливать

2. заставлять

4. ТО DIE

умирать

5. EXPLOSIVE

1. взрывчатое вещество

2. взрывчатый

ТО EXPLODE Бзрывать(ся)

6. MINE шахта

7. WAR война

Kurchatov is one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century.

A mother’s care for her children is only natural.

t) Did you make (сшила) this dress or did you buy it?

2. What makes you leave the town so early?

Alfred Nobel, a Swedish engineer and chemist, who invented dynamite, died in 18%, at the age of sixty- three.

1. They used explosives to cut the tunnel through the mountain.

2. The group of engineers worked at the new explosive materials for industrial usage

The builders had to explode the rock to construct the railway in the region.

The hardest work in mines is now performed by robots

Her father fought in two wars.

8. TO KILL убивать

9 ТО INJURE

повредить, ранить

10. USELESS бесполезный

II WHILE

1. пока (в то время как)

2. время (некоторое время)

12. ТО AVOID избегать

13. ТО EXPECT ожидать, предполагать

14. ТО DESERVE заслуживать

15. PLENTY OF много

16. GOVERNMENT правительство

ТО GOVERN управлять 17 . THEN затем, тогда

18. SUDDENLY вдруг, внезапно

19. BACK назад, обратно

20. ТОО

1. тоже, также

2. слишком

18. OWN собственный

19. ТО OCCUR

1. случаться, происходить

Magellan, a well-known traveller, was killed on tbe Philippine Islands in 1521.

During tbe car accident the driver and the passenger were injured

He realized that without die experiment his work would be useless.

1. I’ll finish my work while you are playing chess.

2. I’m busy now, but if you wait a while, ГИ help you.

To avoid accidents the driver must strictly follow traffic rules.

I’m expecting a letter from England

It was difficult to decide who deserved the first prize.

They will require plenty of sand for building the road.

The Romans were the first people who had free schools organized by the government.

The law of gravity governs the movement of the planets.

First they studied traffic conditions in the town and then made necessary recommendations

The car suddenly stopped in the middle of the road

He looked back and saw the dog running after him

1. He was at the party too.

2. These boots are too small for him.

He refused to give his own explanation

of tbe fact.

1. The car accident occurred in the centre of the town.

2. приходить на ум

18. EXCELLENT отличный, превосходный

19. ТО MASTER овладеть, изучить

20. ABILITY способность, умение

21. REALLY действительно

22. SELDOM редко

23. MEANING значение, смысл

24. PROBABLY вероятно

25. ABOUT

1. о, относительно

2. вокруг

3. приблизительно, около

18. EVERY каждый

19. OPPORTUNITY благоприятная возможность

20. USED ТО

имел обыкновение, бывало 34 TIME

1. время

2. раз

35. ТО BELIEVE

1. верить

2. полагать

35. ТО JUSTIFY оправдывать

2. It never occurred to him that the accident happened through his weakness.

This student passed all his examinations with excellent marks.

A polyglot is a person who has mastered many different languages.

His extraordinary ability to work day and night was known to his colleagues.

Are you really interested in this problem?

He seldom goes out.

He could not understand the text as he did not know the meaning of many words.

She will probably be here today.

1. He told us about the results of his research work.

2. There was nobody about.

3. What's the.time? - It's about five.

I see my brother every day.

We'll give you an opportunity to speak to them.

When he was a student he used to go to the country every weekend.

1. 1 don’t have much time for sports.

2. Pete’s memory was not very good, so he had to repeat new words many times to remember them well.

4

1. I don’t believe what he says.

2. I believe you are right.

I believe you will justify ail our hopes.

уважать

38. THREAT угроза

TO THREATEN угрожать, грозить

38. NUCLEAR ядернUft

39. TO FORM образовать, создавать

40. AS FOLLOWS

как ниже следует, следующим образом

38. ABOLITION отмена, упразднение

39. ENCOURAGEMENT поощрение

40. ТО CHOOSE (CHOSE, CHOSEN) выбирать

41. ТО WIN (WON, WON)

1. победить, одержать победу

2. выиграть, получить (приз)

The summer was very dry and there was a threat qf fires in the forests.

Did they threaten you?

He studied nuclear physics at the university.

Internationa] Children's Fund was formed to improve the living conditions of children.

The load was distributed as follows; each lorry carried twenty tons.

The development of cars in England led to the abolition of different acts which limited the speed of the motor transport.

The encouragement of technical conferences and symposia was the aim of the international scientific committee.

There are some books on the table. You may choose any book you like.

1. The Soviet people won a great victory in 1945,

2. She won first prize in the figure- skating championship.

2. Прочтите следующие интернациональные слова вслух н, освовываясь ва значениях соответствующих русских слое, определите их значения.

industrialist [m'dAStnalist] contrast I'kontrast] millionaire [,miljd’пеэ] idealist [ai'dislist] patriotic [,paetri otik] dynamite ['damamait] industry ['mdastn] laboratory [Is'boratan] philosophy [fi'tosafi] memorial [mi'mornal] nation [ 'neijh] prize [praizj chemistry f'kemistn] physiology [,fizi'ol3d3i] medicine [ medsm] progressive [pragresiv]

chemist ['kemist] linguist [’liijgwist] financial [fai'naenjal] company ['клтрэш] organization [,o:g3nai'zeijh] conference [ 'konfarans] nationality [,пэе/э naeliti]

3. Найдите в каждом раду слово, перевод которого дан в начале ряда.

1. способность

2. значение

3. повреждать

4. избегать

5. заслуживать

6. выбирать

7. выигрывать

8. отмена, упразднение

9. шахта

10. оправдывать

a) opportunity, b) ability, с) difficulty, d) property a) understanding, b) beginning, с) meaning,

4. opening

a) to injure, b) to kill, c) to explode, d) to abolish a) to threaten, b) to expect, c) to avoid, d) to deserve a) to respect, b) to encourage, c) to occur, d) to deserve

a) to choose, b) to offer, c) to develop, d) to install a) to grow, b) to need, c) to win, d) to build a) consideration, b) education, c) competition,

4. abolition a) site, b) mme, c) field, d) tube a) to justify, b) to threaten, c) to cause, d) to introduce

4. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, близкое по значению первому слову ряда.

1. plenty of

2. to occur

3. to make

4. believe

5. to care

6. to come back

7. too

a) much, b) little, c) enough, d) few a) to injure, b) to avoid, c) to happen, d) to justify a) to choose, b) to do, c) to master, d) to win

1. to respect, b) to abolish, c) to deserve, d) to consider

1. to like, b) to encourage, c) to govern, d) to use

1. to leave, b) to return, c) to retreat, d) to avoid

1. while, b) almost, c) again, d) also

5. Подберете пары cum, имеющих сходные значения.

A. seldom excellent plenty of never useless to come back full easy

Б. peace to open now busy to leave rich empty difficult

often

useful

always

bad

little

to refuse

poor

then

war

to close

free

tooflfer

6. npowrattiv n ttcpftmrt m руссвдй тш следующее сдойосфчггяшш*

to have an excellent opportunity to believe in progress to have plenty of free time to be a really good doctor to achieve excellent results to be seldom free

to find the meaning of the new word in the dictionary to think about the meaning of life to see something with one's own eyes to come bock late it occurred during the war to be a famous scientist scientific research work while he was translating the article to care for children to justify one s hopes to win victory

to win the first prize at the championship to deserve a good mark for the answer to respect old people to encourage one’s initiative the threat of nuclear war to work in the mine

to use explosive materiab for the ex­periment

the explosion occurred in the old mine to avoid driving during rush hours to choose the best translation to master two foreign languages to invest the capital into the new fields of industry to be injured at the car accident

7. Сыграйте в лото, юучш ивструкш».

Word Bingo

Lode at the list of words given below. Write down any five words. The teacher is going to read the definitions of all the words in random order. If you hear the definition of one of die words you have chosen, cross it out. The first student to cross out all the words he or she has chosen calls out “Bingo” and reads tbe words to prove hisAier claim.

Words: foot, language, examination, physics, explanation, mathe­matics, traffic, invention, history, nature, achievement, time, steam, coat, tunnel, sandwich, experience, experiment, speed, accident, clay, scimce, discovery, railway, problem.

8. Решите кроссворд.

	M\ 1					2
	I	■	*				1
	5
	6
	7			1			1 I
в
9				1			1

1. A statement saying that something is true.

2. Very high quality.

3. A person who tells somebody what should be done.

4. A part of anything.

5. Not to pay attention to something.

6. An institution for educating children.

7. Wanting to know or leam about something.

8. We are very tired because our ... was very hard.

9. Don't speak so quickly, 1 don't... you.

WORD-BUILDING

9, ж) Проанализируйте модели образовать слов, цючпгге и переведите слова и слово* сочетания, созданные а» нх основе, б) Зятем переведите предложения и словосо­четания в разделе Б.

А.

МОДЕЛЬ 12 основа существительного + -ous -► прилагательное

monotony - монотонность

nerve - нерв danger - опасность ceremony - церемония religion - религия glory - слава harmony - гармония

monotonous - монотонный nervous -

dangerous ceremonious -

religious -

glorious -

harmonious -

МОДЕЛЬ 13

+ -ance/-€ttce -► существительное + -ant/-ent

основа глагола :

to differ - различаться

to insist - настаивать to depaid - зависеть to correspond - соответствовать to resist - сопротивляться to assist - помогать to signify - иметь значение

прилагательное

difference - различие, different различный

insistence, insistent - _____ dependence, dependent -

correspondence, correspondent

resistance, resistant -

assistance, assistant -

significance, significant -

blackness - чернота

black

deaf- clean- cold - dark - great - white

• черный

глухой

-чистый

ХОЛОДНЫЙ

темный

• великий -белый

deafness - ______

cleanness -

coldness -

darkness - ______

greatness-

whiteness -

Б.

absence - отсутствие confident - уверенный competence - компетентность

prudent - осторожный ignorance - невежество to coexist - сосуществовать

conscience - совесть contempt - презрение curiosity - любопытство, любо­знательность access - доступ

acute - острый to accept - принимать

complete - законченный

rude - грубый quick - быстрый

John is absent. -

I have no confidence in you. -

a competent specialist -

an incompetent person — '

necessary prudence —

an ignorant person —

peaceful coexistence — _______

coexistent countries —

a conscientious person —

a contemptuous smile -

a curious person —

an accessible mountain —

accessibility of the mountain — _

acuity of hearing —

acceptable terms (условия) —

acceptability of terms — '

the completeness of the operation

the rudeness of the boy —

the quickness of the decision —

10. Найдите в тексте слом, имеющие общий корень со словами перец текстом. Опре­делите, к какой части речи они относятся и каковы кх значения. Затем иргаик н переведите текст.

to eqniy - оборудовать to execute - исполнять

proper - правильный entire - весь, целый

improvement - усовершенствование tp contribute - вносить вклад

аЫе - способный

UNICEF, the United Nations International Children’s Fund, is an international organization which was established in 1946. Its primary function is to improve the health and living conditions of the children of those countries winch ask for UNICEF assistance. It is governed (управ­лять) by the executive board (совет) of 30 nations and financed entirely by contribution from both governments and individuals. UNICEF provides equipment and medicine (лекарство). It provides for children who are unable to obtain the vital (необходимый) food. It teaches mothers how to care properly for the children.

GRAMMAR REVIEW

11. а) Проанализируйте приведенные в nSnot формы глагола, используемые в соот­ветствий с правилом согласована времен, б) Затем щиплете тежег и проанализи­руйте случаи употребления правил согласования времен.

Согласование времен

Не says Не said

1. that he works hard. 1) that he worked hard.

2. that he worked hard. 2) that he had worked hard.

3. that he will work hard. 3) that he would work hard.

The Job Interview

Boris had a job interview a few days ago at the Insurance (страховая) Company. The interview lasted almost an hour and Boris had to answer a lot of questions

First the interviewer asked Boris where he had gone to school and if he had had any special training. She also asked him where he had worked. Boris answered that he had graduated from a specialized English school and a financial college and had worked at the bank. Boris also mentioned that his English was good. He answered all the questions well and he hoped he would get a job at the company

12. а) Проанализируйте приведению примеры в правой я лево* колонах, б) Затем пе­реведите предложения в Б, обращая внимание на согласовав» времен.

А.

1. Не says that he knows your He said that he knew your friend, friend

2. She thinks that you passed your She thought that you had passed examination in physics. your examination in physics.

3. They know you will graduate They knew you would graduate from the Institute next year. from the Institute the next year.

125

4. The teacher asks if you can write F-nglish

5. She wants to know whether you completed your work yesterday.

6. She says she has seen that magazine in our library.

7. We know that the young writer is working on a novel.

The teacher asked if you could write English.

She wanted to know whether you had completed your work the day before. ✓

She said she had seen that magazine in our library We knew that the young writer was working (xi a novel.

Б. 1.1 did not know that my friend’s son had failed in chemistry.

2. They thought I could drive a car.

3. The boy said he had scarcely enougji money to return home.

1. knew he was experimaitmg for hours.

5. They said that they had chosen their course and nothing could turn them from it.

6. We considered that she had already obtained her Master’s degree in mathematics.

7. The student said that he could not translate the article without a dictionary.

8. I did not think that she would be refused a better room for her research.

9. He asks if he may keep this book as long as he needs it.

10. They told the child that the weather was fine and he could have a walk for two hours.

11. He asked how normal temperature was maintained in the underground.

12. He asked whether in the early days the trains had been driven by locomotives which burnt coal.

13. He said that entirely automatic driving would be developed.

13. ■) Проанализируйте враниа ^ипрбжяи неопределенных местовменин, приве­денные в таблице, и ознакомьтесь с цммшодшт неопределенных местоимений, данными шоке, б) Затем прочтите н переведите текст.

Местоимение	some	any	no
Утвердительное предложение	+	+	-
Вопросительное предложение	*	+	■ -
Отрицательное пред ложение	*	+	+

somebody anybody nobody

someone anyone no one

something anything nolhing

Talkative passaiger (to a lady who is in the same compartment):

“Have you any family, Madam?”

“Yes, Sir, one sen.”

“Does he smoke?”

“No, Sir, he never touches a cigarette.”

“That’s wonderful. Tobacco is poison. Does he belong to any club?” “He never goes to any.”

“Then I congratulate you. Does he come home late at night?”

“Never. He always goes to bed directly after dinner.”

“He is a model young man, Madam. How old is he?”

“Four months today.”

14. Переделите следующие цпнини, обращая миоме на неопределенные место- имежя н нх производные.

1. Something important took place there.

2. Nobody failed in this examination yesterday.

1. wasn’t shown any interesting photographs.

4. Have you got any questions?

5. Can anybody show me the way to the station?

6. He di(to’t try to do anything.

7. The commission has found nothing wrong.

8. They made no changes in die working plan.

9. Nothing interesting happened while I was away

10. No traffic was allowed along the street because of the accident.

11. He could think of nothing really interesting.

12. Some new safety rules were considered by the committee.

1. couldn’t understand anything from his tetter.

14. The old man didn’t get any education.

15. Дайте полые ответы ив следующие мцросы»

1. Is there anything to the right of you?

2. Is there anything to the left of you?

3. Do you have any English books at home?

4. Will you go anywhere tomorrow evening?

5. Can you see anything through the window?

6. Will you bring any English newspaper tomorrow?

7. Do you know any French words?

8. Is there any picture in your room?

9 Are you expecting anybody to come to your place?

10. Did anybody advise you to enter this Institute?

10. Is there anything in the right coiner of the room?

11. Is there anybody behind you?

14. Перееедогге следующие предложения на русский язык.

А. 1. Не said he didn’t expect anybody to come in the evening.

2. He asked me if I knew who was perforating at the theatre сю Saturday.

3. We asked him if such minerals occurred in the Pamirs.

4. Tbe head of the research laboratory said that he was not completely satisfied with the results achieved.

5. When I was leaving Moscow my adviser asked me whether I would have any opportunity to go on with my work.

6. I always believed that one day the explanation of the feet would be found.

7. We were told that we would have to consult the schedule.

8. It was decided that every member of the club would attend all the meetings.

9. He said he would return home about 3 o’clock,

10. We asked him whether it was possible to leam a foreign language in such a short time.

11. The professor asked him why he had chosen, of all professions, one in nuclear physics.

12. The professor asked the student if he had had any experiaice in physics research

Б. 1. He has no experiaice in this field.

2. It didn’t occur to him that he was wrong.

3; You can take any bus from here to the station.

4. Have you got any Russian-English dictionary?

5. There aren’t any institutes in this town.

6. Although it was December there was no ice on the rivers.

7. Has anybody made mistakes in this sentence?

8. Nobody was interested in die problem.

9. No construction was going on at that period.

1. couldn’t find the explanation of this feet anywhere.

10. Any number of people can be included in the experiment.

11. Such a scale of construction has been achieved nowhere else.

12. He asked if he would be given admission to the meeting of the committee.

13. He said that he had tried to telephone him several times, but nobody had answered the telephone in his office.

!5. Не explained that they hadn’t come in time because they had lost their way.

16 He asked me whether I could wait for him while he was looking through the papers which his secretary had put on his table.

14. He explained that the task was very complicated and asked me if I would be able to carry it out.

18 . In the interview with the students the head of the department tried to find out what had made them choose this profession.

AUDIAL PRACTICE

1. a) One of the most outstanding American inventors is Thomas Edison. There are a lot of stories about him. Listen to one of them and be ready to answer the following questions:

1. What’s Edison famous for?

2. What education did he get?

3. In what way did he read books?

4. How old was Edison when he patented his first invention?

5. What story is told about his first invention?

6. How did he make his inventions?

7. What is his idea of a genius? Do you agree with him?

Щ. .

2. Retell the story,

3. What other facts of Edison’s life do you know?

2. a) A lot of new inventions appear every day to make our lives easier, longer, warmer, speedier. But only a few inventors design a new machine or product that becomes so well-known that it is named after its creator.

2. Find the names of the inventors who gave their names to the things they created in the following list and put them down in the chart

E. Rutherford C. Makintosh

S. Colt S. Morsey

L Landau W Thomson

R. Diesel C, Rolls

8. Cavendish C. Benz

Inventor	Invention	Year of invention	Country
1.
2.
3.
4.		✓
5.
6.

3. Listen to tbe text “Inventors and Their Inventions” and find information to complete the chart.

4. Check your answers with the teacher or your groupmates.

3. Read the transcript on p. 427. Look up the words you do not know in your dictionary

2. 

   Say a few words about the inventions which were very important for automobile industry.

ORAL PRACTICE

3. Topic. One of the greatest inventions of the mankind.

The film studio is going to make a documaitary film about the greatest inventions of the mankind. You are invited to the studio as an expert to decide what inventions should be included in the film. You are supposed to speak about one invention only. Present information on;

1. the invention you consider to be one of the greatest in the world;

2. the name of the inventor;

3. the country this invention was made in;

4. what the thing was made for,

5. how it is used now;

6. how it influenced our life,

. 7) why you are sure that it should be included in the film.

4. Pairwork. Students and teachers from the USA visit the institute where our friends study. One of the students, William, speaks to Michael.

1. Listen to their conversation.

WILLIAM: Are there any clubs and societies at your institute?

MICHAEL. Quite a lot. As for me I’ve joined the student research society. We are having our institute conference in a month and I’m going to contribute a paper to it.

WILLIAM: What problems are you interested in?

MICHAEL: I’m working chi the defects of metal units.

WILLIAM: Do you use computers?

MICHAEL: Certainly. It is impossible to do without them today.

WILLIAM: Does your research work take much of your time?

MICHAEL: Yes, quite a lot.

WILLIAM: Do you work alone?

MICHAEL: Of course not. We are six in the group. We have a very good and patient adviser who helps us a lot.

2. Complete the dialogues.

1. A.: 2. A.: Do you work alone?

2. : We are busy with designing B.:

someengmeparts A.: Does it take much time, I

1. : mean, your work in the research

2. : Certainly. society?

B.

2. A.: Are there many clubs and societies at your institute?

2. :

A.: What problems are you interested in?

B:

3. Think of some good questions for the following answers.

1. Only once in my life. 6. Almost everybody.

2. My job. 7. Nothing.

3. From time to time. 8. Anywhere.

4. It is wrong. 9. Excellent

5. At about 5 o’clock. 10. His own.

4. A report of the journal “Science of the 20th century” published in New Zealand meets a young Russian engineer and inventor Michael Shutrn Michael was awarded the prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences

REPORTER: You are going to interview the inventor. Here are some questions you can ask:

Were you surprised when you won the prize?

What field of science do you work in?

What can you say about your invention?

Did you work alone?

What are your plans for the future?

Think of some other questions.

MICHAEL SHUTIN You are eager to answer the reporter’s questions. You work in the field of chemistry You inverted a new construction material. It has some very useful properties.

* /

S. Discussion. In 1930s television appeared in various countries of the world. In this country people have had the opportunity to watch regular TV shows since 1939. Nowadays there are a lot of debates about advantages and disadvantages of TV. Is TV doing more ham or good?

1. Read the following arguments Think of some more.

TV is doing more good than harm	TV is doing more harm than good
We can be very well informed. We can enjoy ourselves without leaving our homes. We can study with the help of TV courses 4 . A TV set is a &iend of lonely people.	Watching TV takes a lot of time, We get very lazy and passive in our free time. Sometimes we prefer TV to reading books. Sometimes it is only TV that is responsible for children's upbringing.

2. Discuss the problem in groups of 3-5 students in order to make a decision.

3. 

   Fill in the chart and give your reasons.

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
TV is doing more harm than good
TV is doing more good than harm

READING PRACTICE

1. t

   a) Names of tome people have become world famous thanks to their achievements. The name of Alfred Nobel is one of them. Read the words given below and find

those which you associate with the name of Nobel. (Try to give your reasons, if possible.)

Russia money Tolstoy

Germany prize Sholokhov

wife peace Sweden

mining literature America

dynamite Switzerland Stockholm

2. Read the text and find oat if yon were right or not

^■■>4- "*--ч

(jextsJ)

ALFRED NOBEL - A MAN OF CONTRASTS

Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish mvpptor,|nd industrialist, was a man of many contrasts.Jie was the sm of a bankrCipt, but becamea millionaire, a scientist who carect for literature, an industrialist who m^a^fo remaip an idealistyHe made a fortune but lived a simple life, and altnou^chrerful in comply he was often sad when remained alone. A lover of man!anid^be never had a wife or family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died aloop in a foreign country^)) He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to liiipfove the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure peopld^buring his userid life he often feh he w§s ,_;}iseless) World-famous for nis works, he was never personally ws№known, for while he Uved he ai^o&ecl publicity. He never exacted any reward for whathe had done. He once said that he did not see that he had d^r^^ any^wne and that he ha^jw тЩе for it. However, since his death, his name has brought feme and glory to others/'

He was bom in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father, Emmanuel, made a strong positit^jjbr himself in the engineering industry. Emmanuel Nobel invented the landmme¹ and gotpfenty of money for it freon government Airing the Crimean War, but then, quite suddenly went bankrupt.² Most of the family went back to Sweden in 1859. Four years later Alfred returned there too, beginning his own study of explosives in his father’s laboratory/it so occurred that he had never been to school or University but had studied privately and by die time he was twenty was a skilful chemist and excellent linguist having n&stered Swedish, Russian, German, l^ench and Englisly Like his father, Alfred Nobel was imaginative and ij^entive, but be had better luck in business and showed more financial seise He was quick to see industrial openings for his scientificJm^rions ayad built up over 80 companies in 20 different countries Ыее^ his greatness lay in his

' ' ?.■ > , _{-Г _< X ,

• I and philosophy. Probably because he could not find ordinary hunwi lo^

• outstanding ability to confine, the qualities of an original sciaitist with those of a for^A^g incfiistrialii._r/^,,.._cJ '

  But Nobel was never really Edncemea about making money or wen making scientific discoveries. Sel8&m happy, he was always searching for a meaning to life, and from his yoilaii had taken a serious interest in literature

  wdmsffy ‘

  

  " be never married - he began to care deeply about the whole StKankina. He took every opportunity to help tbe poor: he used to say that he would raSier take care of the stomachs of the living than tjje^glory of the dead in the form of stone memorials. His greatest wish, however, was to see an aid to wars, and ffius "jplace between nations; and he spent much time and money

'^’working for the $ause until his death in Italy щ 1896_/r His famous will, in which be left money to proviSe prizes for omsfamciifig work in Bh$j chemistry, physiology, medicine, economics, literature and ргбишЬоп world peace is a memorial to his interests and ideals. And^so man who often believed that he was useless and had done little to ji&tuy ms life is remembered and respected long after his death. Nobel’s ideals which be expfesswloag before the t&l&t of nuclear war have become the ideals of all progressive people of the world. ^

' N°bel’s Wlltte capitalto form a

ftirm The iriterest on this пита is to be oistnbraed annually m the form of prizes to tiiose who, during the^vi&uS year did work of the greatest use to mankind лиЭДйп ’йю field of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, economics, literature and to the person^v&o h_?s dpfte ' brotheihood between nations, for the aboliti^ri or reduction of permanent

\ armies and for die organization and wK&iagemetjt of peace conferences.

b his will Nobel wrote that it was hislSnn wish that in choosing the

prize winner be given to the nationality of the

candidates, but that the most woi^Sy^siiouid receive the prize, wh&her he be a Scandinavian or not. This will was written in Paris, on November 27, 1895.

Since Nobel’s death many outstanding scientists, writers and public figures from different countries have become Nobel prize winners.

NOTES TO THE TEXT

¹ landmine - мина, фугас ³ went bankrupt - обанкротился ³ interest - зд. процент

с) Read the text igtia aad divide it into four parts. Give titles to these parts choosing the i&est suitable from the list below:

1. The childhood and youth of Alfred Nobel.

2. The career of Alfred Nobel’s father.

3 The contrasts in the life of Alfred Nobel.

2. The life ideals of Alfred Nobel.

3. Alfred Nobel as a scientist

4. Alfred Nobel’s will.

5. Nobel prize winners.

4. Find in the text passages about Alfred Nobel’s ties with Russia, his will and translate them into Russian*

5. Read aloud tbe passage about Alfred Nobel's will. (Approximate time of reading is 1,4 minutes.)

I) Form sentences connecting word groups on the left and on the right with Ыи and making the necessary changes. You will see that Nobel’s life was really full of contrasts.

E.g. to be a millionaire | but | to live a single Ufe He was a millionaire but lived a simple life.

to be an industrialist to remain an idealist

to be cheerful in company to be sad in private

to love all mankind not to have a wife or a family to

love him

to be a patriot of his native to die alone in a foreign land

country

to invent dynamite to improve to see it used as a weapon to kill

peacetime industries people

to be world-famous for his works BUT to be never personally well-

known, to avoid publicity to be a Swede to live for more than 20 years in

Russia

never to study at school or to be a skilful chemist and an

University excellent linguist

to be a man of imagination to show great business and

financial sense

g) Find in the text key words you can use to speak about the Nobel prize.

2. a) Skim the text to understand what it is about Time your reading. It Is good if you can read it for four minutes (80 words per minute).

(textJb) -

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

Alexander Graham Bell was bom in Edinburgh in 1847. His father was a world-famous teacher of speech and the inventor of a system which he called “Visible Speech'". It helped <fe?f (глухой) persons to j>ronpunce words they could not hear. Alexander chose the same profession, and as his father became a teacher of the deaf, he moved to the United States and begjaji to te^ch deaf children to speak. At the same time he worked at i^fovmg his father’s nWefttion

In 1866, the nineteen-year-old Bell started thinking about sending tones (звуки) by telegraph. It was then that there came to his mind the idea of the ‘Ъагтошс telegraph”, which would sard musical tone» electrically from one place to another. Bell was not a scientist. So he had to give all his energy and time to one thing only - knowledge of electricity. There was little time for rest and little time to eat. Hour after hour, day and night he and his friend Watson worked at testing and experimenting with the telephone Sometimes it worked and sometimes it did not.

“We have to do something to make our telephone work better,” Bell used to say again and again.

At last they decided to try a new kind of transmitter (микрофон). The new transmitter was set (устанавливать) in Bell’s-bedroom. Watson was sitting in the laboratory. He put his ear to the receiver (трубка) and was waiting Suddenly he heard Bell’s voice. And not the voice only but the words too.

“Mr. Watson, come here. I want you.”

It,.was on the 10th of March, 1876. Alexander Graham Bell had inwttecl the telephone

In a few years there were telephones all over the world. In 1915, the first transcontinental telephone line was opened. Graham Bell, a very old man now, sat in New York at a desk with a telephone before him, while his friend Watson was listening more than three hundred thousand miles away in San Francisco. People were interested what speech Bell had prepared for that great day, on which the telephone invented by him was to carry sound from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific.

Bell was sitting in a big hall; there were many people in it. Everyone expected to hear a serious, scientific speech. Suddenly everybody heard his clear voice as he spoke into his old transmitter, “Mr. Watson, come here. I want you.” He repeated the words which he had said almost forty years ago Much to the amusement (удовольствие) of the people Watson answered, “1 would be glad (рад) to come, but it would take me a week ”

2. Complete sentences choosing the variant corresponding to the contents of the text

1. Alexander Bell was

1) an engineer;

2. a teacher;

3. a doctor.

2. He worked at inventing

1. a radio-set;

2. a tape-recorder;

^ c) a telephone

3. He worked at it

1. alone,

' b) with his friend,

3. with a group of scientists

4. The first transcontinental telephone line was opened between

-) a) New York and San Francisco;

2. Paris and London,

3. Rome and Berlin.

5. During the experiment Mr. Watson heard

a) Bell very badly;

7 b) Bell very well;

3. nothing.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What did Alexander Bell’s father invent?

2. Whom and where did Alexander Beil teach?

3. What did Alexander Bell begin to work at when he was nineteen years old?

4. What device did A. Bell use which made his invention work well?

5. How many years later was the first transcontinental telephone line opened?

6. Who made the first test of the transcontinental telephone line between New York and San Francisco?

7. What did Bell say on the opening of this line and what impression did it make on the listeners?

*

3. Read the text to find answers to the given questions.

TEXT 5C

LITTLE-KNOWN FACTS ABOUT WELL-KNOWN PEOPLE

1. Was Einstein а Йф^>1е ог я backward (умственно отсталый) child?

Albert Einstein the wj^esrt.scientists of our age, yet in his

childhootj he was slow’ ад^щ^а^у/аш. Не found it extremely difficult to

leam fcven to talk

2. What kind of life did Einstein lead?

Later he became one of the most famous mat т..the world. The Theory of Relativity brought him feme cm five continent^. Yet, he led a very simple sort of life, went around in old clothes, and selaorn wore a hat. He said that he did not care for feme or riqjpupg. The captain of a transatlantic stup once offered Einstein the most expensive rooms on the ship; Einstein refasetfand

said he would rather travel on aeck than accept any special favours (привилегия).

3. What Wougfit Einstein more joy than anything else?

Einstein impressed everybody as being a very happy man. He said he was happy because hadidn’t want anything from anybody. He didn’t want money or titles or ргШеГНе made his own happiness out of such simple things as his work, his ^firTand his boat. Einstein’s violin brought him more joy than anything else in life. He said he often thpught in music.

Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, which seemed a fijdrt $f,щ?э^гЛкр (полет воображения) to many at first, is now the c^j^^tOTejjHriodern physics. Many physical phenomena could never be explained'without the Theory of Relativity

Einstein said that there w^re only twelve people living who understood his Theory of Relativity, although more than nine hundred books had been written trying to explain it.

He himself explained relativity by this very simple illustration: “When you sit with a nice girl for an hour, you think it is only a minute; but when you sit on a hot йоте for a minute, you think it is an hour. Well, well - so that’s relativity. It sounds all right to me, but if you don’t believe me and would like to try it out (хотели бы проверить), I’ll be glad to sit with the girl if you’ll sit on the stoye.”

• 5. What two rules of conduct did Einstein have?

Mrs. Einstein said that even she didn’t understand the Theory of Relativity; but she understood something that is more important for a wile; she understood her husband.

Mrs. Einstein said that her husbang Jiked order in his thinking, ₍birt he didn’t like it in his living. He did whatever he wanted to, whenewFhe wanted to, he had only rules of conduct (поведение). The first was: don’t have any rules whatever^And the second was: be independent of the opinions (мнение) of others.

4. You are an invention expert You’ve received a patent specification of a new bearing from Russia. Check if the bearing in question U similar to that of the INA Bearing Co., Inc. Fill in the chart below.

Similar features	Different features
1.
2.

Подшипник, содержащий пластмассовое наружное кольцо с прорезями и канавкой, отличающееся тем, что с целью устране­ния зазоров между роликами и кольцами подшипника из-за из­носа в канавку насаживается нагретое бандажное кольцо, которое при остывании стягивает наружное кольцо.

TEXT 5D

plain bearing. The bearing is claimed to remain free of radial clearance in operation in spite of wear. [The main characteristic of the bearing is a plastic outer ring with several slots on one side which extend over the cotter line. The slots are used to remove any radial clearance by applying pressure from the OD. To eliminate bearing ck&i&ce, the outer ring has a groove in the slotted area which contains an О-ring. The groove is just deep enough so that the outside diameter of the О-ring extends beyond the outside diameter of the outer ring. When mounted into a housing bore of proper diameter, the compressed О-ring acts like a spring and forces the outer ring segment against the inner ring, thus eliminating any bearing clearance.

WRITING PRACTICE

1. a) You are enjoying your holiday in Dreamland together with your groupmates. One of them wrote a postcard to his friend in the States. Study the envelope carefully.¹

Ann Smith
67th Dreamers' Hotel,
Star City,
Dreamland	Philip Briggs 25 Timber Circle Denton, TEXAS 76205 USA

¹ При написании адреса на конверте нужно иользоваться определенными правила- ми. Адрес отправителя (sender), как правило, помещается в верхней левой части

конверта, а на противоположной его части, внизу, пишется адрес получателя (recipient). Последовательность изложения адресных данных на конверте следующая: кому, номер квартиры, дома, улица, город, почтовый индекс, страна.

2. You also have friends in the States and Great Britain who would be glad to get news from you. Write their addresses on the envelope.

Some information about them:

Helen Black lives in the USA (code 10213), in the state of New York, in Brooklyn, the name of the street is Lincoln Drive, 10.

Peter Williams lives in England, in the county of Kent in a small town of Sittingboume, Hobart Gardens, 16.

Write your borne address to get an answer.

Sender j address

Recipient's address

2. a) Fill in the gaps in your letter to Helen with what you want to say¹

	17 June 1998
Dear	4
1 am on holiday in
with	. We are
English. I have three	a day.
The weather is	„ and we are having a
time. Yesterday we went to
and saw
Sometimes we play
JSee you soon.
	With love

В левом верхнем ряду необходимо повторить адрес, написанный на конверте. В правом углу - дата написания (чуть ниже). Здесь допустимы сокращения неко­торых месяцев: Jan, Feb, Apr, Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec.

Ниже следует обращение (salutation), которое в английском языке отделяется за­пятой, а не восклицательным знаком, как в русском.

Если вам известна фамилия, то можно использовать обращение: Dear Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms Brown.

Если вы пишете письмо в учреждение, организацию или фирму, используются официальные обращения: Dear Sir/Dear Sirs, Dear Madam/Dear Mesdames Далее следует основной текст письма, который обычно разбивается на абзацы. Это облегчает процесс чтения и восприятия информации,

В деловой переписке принята определенная форма завершения письма. Обычно заключительная формула помещается прямо под основным текстом письма справа. Наиболее распространенными являются следующие формулы вежли­вости: Yours faithfully, Yours truly (строго официально); Yours sincerely, Yours very sincerely (официально).

Затем следует подпись лица (под заключительной формулой вежливости) и его должность:

John Brown Manager

Export Department

2. Write a letter to Peter.

VOCABULARY LIST

1. ability (n)	16. explosive (n, a)	31. probably (adv)
2. abolition (n)	17. fora (v)	32. really (adv)
3. about (adv, prep)	18. government (n)	33. respect (v)
4, «1 follows	19. injure (y)	34. scientist (n)
5. avoid (v)	20. justify (v)	35. seldom (adv)
6, back (adv)	21. kill ft)	36. suddenly (adv)
7. believe (v)	22, make (v)	37. then (adv)
8. care (v)	23. master (v)	38. threat (n)
9. choose (v)	24. meaning (n)	39. time (n)
10. deserve fvj	25. mine (n)	40. too (adv)
11. die (v)	26. nuclear (a)	41. used to
12. encouragement (n)	27. occur (v)	42. useless (a)
13. every (a)	28. opportunity (n)	43. war (n)
14. excellent (a)	29. own (a)	44. while (cj)
15. expect (v)	30. plenty of	45. win (v)

UNIT 6

MODERN CITIES LANGUAGE MATERIAL.