VI. Answer the following questions.

1. What three subjects were predominant in making a copy of a human brain?

2. What was logic programming aimed at?

3. What is the sixth generation project based on?

4. What does the CYC project address?

5. What facilities is reasoning done through?

6. How is knowledge encoded in CYC projects?

7. What are the characteristic properties of intelligent creatures?

8. Which are weak and strong points of AI modeling?

VII. Translate the following sentences. Mind the grammar. Object clauses

1. While it is not yet clear whether digital machines can achieve intelligence at all, it is becoming accepted that on digital computers, systems simulating human thought processes will be essentially different from humans.

2. A procedure which determines for any procedure whether it will stop or not, does not exist.

3. The question remains whether this approach is applicable in all the cases.

4. The problem is whether the results of the test could be recorded, whether successful or not.

Complex subject

1. Intelligent systems seem to have special properties, e.g. multiplicity.

2. The new version has been formally proven to be wrong.

3. The subject is likely to stimulate the reader’s interest.

4. This change seems to have begun towards the end of the last century.

5. However, the common practice of designing such devices has been shown to be inadequate.

6. Such has indeed proved to be the case.

7. The reaction could appear to involve a rearrangement.

Participles

1. Today’s computers as well as existing approaches basically do not differ much from those of 30 years ago (apart from being faster and having better storing capacities) and, therefore, are very unlikely to approach not only human level but also any level of intelligence established by biological intelligent systems.

2. CYC includes a wide range of reasoning facilities including general deduction and analogical inference.

3. Both projects relied on a one-sided approach disregarding the new school of AI.

VIII. Read and translate the text without a dictionary. Entitle the text.

1. What new technologies are available to aerospace manufacturers?

2. What are the applications of the new technologies?

Text 1b

New generation of powerful computers will soon be available to aerospace manufacturers. Neural networks, fly-by-speech advances, smaller processors and integrated avionics will accelerate the process of automation.

Neural networks are widely believed to be the next step in enhancing computer intelligence. Neurocomputers will be able to understand highly complex tasks which are extremely difficult to perform with current computers. Research is centering on image processing, target and feature recognition. Neural computing is also considered particularly suitable for speech recognition, enabling pilots to tell the aircraft to change course or arm missiles. Full voice control in combat aircraft may become a reality soon but it is unlikely to be introduced on commercial aircraft as crews do not fly hand-on-throttle-stick as in combat aircraft.

One major benefit of growing computer capacity will be the sophistication of monitoring systems, which detect and display error and damages requiring maintenance.

The latest programme is supposed to develop technologies for the new generation equipment using microwave integrated circuit technology based on one chip, incorporating the latest advances in parallel processing. New packaging and cooling techniques are certain to improve reliability.

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NOTES

neural networks - нейронные сети

fly-by-speech advances - передовая технология управления голосом

enhance (v.) - усилить, увеличить

voice control (n.) - управление голосом

hand-on-throttle - в ручном режиме

maintenance - ремонт, обслуживание

packaging - компоновка, герметизация

cooling technique - криогенная технология

technique - методика