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1. Remember the following words:

to build up – монтировать, собирать

manufacturing process – процесс поточно-массового производства

to cast – отливать, лить

casting – литьё, отливка

to produce – вырабатывать, производить, создавать

hardware – скобяные товары, инструменты

ordnance – артиллерийские орудия

to subject – подвергать воздействию

to smelt – плавить, выплавлять

division – участок

shop – цех

product – изделие. продукция

(machine)tool – инструмент, станок

to enhance – повышать, усиливать

heavy-duty – предназначенный для тяжёлого режима работы

to consume – потреблять, расходовать

rolled steel – стальной прокат

chip – стружка

loss – потеря. утечка

anvil – наковальня

undergo subsequent machining – подвергаться последующей механической обработке

blank – заготовка

ensure productivity – обеспечивать производительность

to entail – влечь за собой, вызывать

complete safety – полная безопасность

stock – сырьё

heating – нагрев

requisite dimension – требуемый размер

bending – сгибание, гибка

drawing – вытяжка, протяжка

to necessitate – делать необходимым, неизбежно влечь за собой

adaptability – приспособляемость

heat treatment – термообработка, тепловая обработка

2. Read and translate the text.

Forging and forging operations

All machines are built up of parts made of different materials by various manufacturing processes. Some parts are cast from metals, some are forged, while others are produced by machining on different kinds of machine tools. Casting and forgings have to be machined before they acquire their proper shape. Forged parts, whether they are to be machined or not, are called forgings.

Forging is an extremely important process in the machine-building industry. No machine, whether simple or complicated, can be built without the use of forgings. The enormous importance of forging is shown by the fact that nearly every machine shop has a forge division, and every machine-building plant – a forge shop.

Forged products are widely used nowadays in automobiles and trucks; agricultural machinery; railroad equipment; shipbuilding; aerospace; oil field applications; hand tools and hardware; ordnance and general industrial equipment.

The widespread use of forgings is due to the fact that it enhances the mechanical properties of metals and improves their structure and quality. After forging metals become stronger. For this reason machine parts which are subjected to heavy duty are generally made of forgings. Moreover, the time required for the manufacture of a part or a tool is very often reduced by forging; much less steel is consumed in its production and, consequently, the cost of any forged part is reduced. For example, during the production of a crankshaft weighing 17 kilograms from a bar of rolled steel up to 31.5 kilograms are lost as chips in machining. When a crankshaft of the same weight is manufactured by the forging process, only 13.7 kilograms of steel are lost in chips – i.e., the loss is 56.6 percent less.

Forging operations can be hand and machine ones. Hand forging is carried out on anvils with the aid of hand forging tools. Machine forging is done under forge hammer blows or on presses. Forgings which have to undergo subsequent machining are called blanks. Those which require no further machining are known as finished forgings.

One and the same part can be forged by different methods and on different forging machines. And it is always necessary to ensure high-quality forging, high productivity and complete safety during forging as well as entail the minimum consumption of physical energy and metal.

The process of making a part by forging consists of several operations, the chief of which are: 1) selecting and preparing the stock for forging; 2) heating the metal; 3) forging the stock to the requisite shape and dimensions.

The hammer forging method entails many forging operations: cutting, upsetting, bending, drawing and others. The production of any kind of forging necessitates the employment of some or all of operations in different sequence. Sometimes one, two or three operations have to be repeated several times.

Forgings are superior or equal to parts produced by other metal working methods in their adaptability to various other manufacturing processes such as heat treatment, welding, machining, mechanical joining, etc.

III. Translate into English:

Ковка – чрезвычайно важный процесс; многие инструменты производятся ковкой; подвергать последующей механической обработке; ковка повышает механические свойства металлов; детали машин; цена любой кованой детали уменьшается; ручная ковка выполняется на наковальне; обеспечить полную безопасность во время ковки; под ударом кузнечного молота; сельскохозяйственная техника; потеря в стружку; различная последовательность операций.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What manufacturing processes are machine parts made by? 2. Where are forged components commonly applied? 3. What are the chief operations in the process of making a part by forging? 4. What operations does a hammer forging entail? 5. Why is forging considered to be one of the most important technological processes in the plastic working of metals?

V. Speak about forging operations using the following speech patterns:

It is possible to say that… - Можно сказать, что…

It is significant to note that…- Важно заметить, что…

In my opinion…- По-моему мнению…

As far as I know…- Насколько я знаю…

This fact permits to…Этот факт позволяет…

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