2. In general stone and brush are known to be used as basic structural components in these buildings, while mud is used to fill in the space between acting as a type of concrete and insulation.

3. They expect homes to be built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold weather.

4. There are many types of rock throughout the world all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses

5. If many country homes or communities had a personal wood-lot, the family or community would grow and harvest trees to build houses.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1.What is building material?

2. How are stone, brush and mud used in buildings?

3. What is good thermal mass?

4. What is the longest lasting building material available?

5. What can be considered as a tropical material?

6. What practice is undergoing a revival?

7. What is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous plants, used for construction purposes?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2-3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10-15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

Вариант 12

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Building material

Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Just about every type of available material has been used at one time or another for creating various human and animal homes, structures, and technologies. This reference deals with habitats and structures including homes.

Living spaces and their related structures have been created using myriad materials, from mud to metal, and from plastic to grass. Today the production and assembly of various building materials is a multibillion dollar industry, and environmental concern has recently surfaced about the effects of such a massive resource extraction on a global scale.

Brick and Block. A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material, usually clay or shale, but also may be of lower quality mud, etc. Clay bricks are formed in a molding (the soft mud method), or in commercial manufacture more frequently by extruding clay through a die and then wire-cutting them to the proper size (the stiff mud process).

Bricks were very popular as a building material in the 1700, 1800 and 1900s. This was probably due to the fact that it was much more flame retardant than wood in the ever crowding cities, and fairly cheap to produce.

Another type of block replaced clay bricks in the late 20th century. It was the Cinder block. Made mostly with concrete.

Concrete. Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate (composite) and a binder such as cement. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand), Portland cement and water. After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term concrete.

For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low tensile strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars (known as rebars). This strengthened concrete is then referred to as reinforced concrete. In order to minimise any air bubbles, that would weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when the liquid concrete mix is poured around the ironwork. Concrete has been the predominant building material in this modern age.

Metal. Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is stong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time.

The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Brass was more common in the past, but is usually restricted to specific uses or specialty items today. Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver. These are used as decoration because they are too soft to provide any structural support. Corrosion is metal's prime enemy when it comes to longevity.

Metal figures quite prominently in prefabricated structures such as the Quonset hut, and can be seen used in most cosmopolitan cities. It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries.

Glass. Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. They provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside. Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, and is very brittle.

Modern glass "curtain walls" can be used to cover the entire facade of a building. Glass can also be used to span over a wide roof structure in a "space frame".

Ceramics. Ceramics are such things as tiles, fixtures, etc. Ceramics are mostly used as fixtures or coverings in buildings. Ceramic floors, walls, counter-tops, even ceilings. Many countries use ceramic roofing tiles to cover many buildings.

Ceramics used to be just a specialized form of clay-pottery firing in kilns, but it has evolved into more technical areas.

Plastic. The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or fibers. Their name is derived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state they are malleable, or have the property of plasticity. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today.

Fabric. The tent used to be the home of choice among nomadic groups. Two well known types include the conical teepee and the circular yurt. It has been revived as a major construction technique with the development of tensile architecture. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes, and supported by a system of steel cables or internal air pressure. Buckminster Fuller was the creator of the geodesic dome design, often used as a sub-structure for a tent.

Foam. More recently synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam has been used on a limited scale. It is light weight, easily shaped and an excellent insulator. It is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel where the foam is sandwiched between wood and cement.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1. kiln-fired material

2. Portland cement

3. low tensile strength

4. structural framework

5. corrosion resistance

6. Quonset hut

7. ceramic roofing tiles

8. property of plasticity

9. flexible material

10. an excellent insulator

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. портландцемент

2. низкая прочность на разрыв

3. сборный дом из гофрированного железа

4. полиуретановая пена

5. структурная изолированная панель

6. стальные кабели

7. проект геодезического купола (свода, арки)

8. наружное покрытие поверхности

9. круглая юрта

10. жароустойчивость

4. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык:

1. insulate 6. produce

2. most 7. proper

3. billion 8. usual

4. build 9. construct

5. environment 10. dense

5. Задайте к выделенному в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, два специальных: а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: формы и функции инфинитива, инфинитивные конструкции (сложное дополнение, сложное подлежащее), существительное в роли определения, функции слов one (ones), that (those), условные предложения:

1. Modern buildings could be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes if they were supported by a system of steel cables or internal air pressure.

2. To minimise any air bubbles that would weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when the liquid concrete mix is poured around the ironwork.

3. A great deal of human labor is supposed to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries.

4. Builders expected glass to be used to span over a wide roof structure in a "space frame".

5. Many countries use ceramic roofing tiles that cover many buildings.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What is a brick?

2. What is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate (composite) and a binder?

3. How is concrete generally strengthened?

4. What is metal used for?

5. What does the term ‘plastics’ cover?

6. What flexible material can modern buildings be made of?

7. What is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2-3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10-15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.