1. The Noun

1. Meaning is thingness

1. According to the way of nomination:

Proper (Peter) Common (a boy)

2. According to the form of existence

Animate Inanimate (a door)

Human (a man) Non-human (a dog)

3. According to its quantitative structure

Countable (a book) Uncountable (milk) Collective (police)

2. Form

The English noun has 4 categories:

1. Number: singular and plural

2. Case: common and Genitive (Possessive)

3. Gender: masciline, feminine, neuter

Only human animate nouns can distinguish masculine and feminine genders, because the category of gender in English is semantic.

Masculine and feminine gender can compose a common gender (for ex., a teacher)

4. The category oa Article Determination: the indefinite article, the definite article, the zero article

A boy came in (вошел мальчик)

The boy came in (мальчик вошел)

A student – sing number, common case, common gender, the ind. atricle

3. Function

The English noun can be used in all syntactic functions but the predicate.

1. As a subject: Mary is a pupil

2. As an object: Let’s call Mary

3. As an attribute: It’s Mary’s bag

4. Predicative: This is Mary

5. Adverbial modifier: Let’s go to Mary’s

I like dogs. Dogs is a common, animate non-human, countable noun, used in plural number, common case, neuter gender with the zero article, in function as an object.

2. The Verb

The verb is the most complex part of speech. It realizes predication – connection between situation in the sentence and reality.

1. Meaning – a process developing in time.

1. According to Subject-Object relations: actional (to go, to run) and statal (to be, to love – aren’t used in Continuous tenses)

2. According to transibility: transitive (I saw him) and intransitive (I go)

2. Form

The English verb has 8 categories:

1. Finitude: finite (he is going home) and non-finite (the Gerund, the Infinitive, the Participle)

2. Person and Number

In English the verb distinguishes 2 numbers and 3 persons. These categories are closely relative. The categories of Person and Number find their expression in the 3d Person singular of the verb in Present Tenses, in the verb “to be” in Present and Past tenses. They are alien to Future tenses.

3. Tense: past, present (have been doing), future

4. Aspect: continuous (have been doing) and non-continuous

5. Retrospective Coordination: perfect (have been doing)

6. Voice:

a)Active (the subject as the agent)

b)Passive (the subject as the recipient)

c) Medial

-reflexive (action perfomed by the subject upon itself, the subject is both the agent and the recipient: he washed and showed)

-reciprocal (the action performed by the subjects in the subject group on one another: they met, kissed and got married)

-middle (when the primarily transitive verb is used in intransitive middle meaning: the door opened and he came in)

7. Mood:

1. indicative (what is said is regarded as a fact: I do it),

2. imperative (expresses a command or request to perform an action: Do it)

3. oblique (expresses non-facts: unreal, hypothetical actions or states):

-the conditional

-Subjunctive II

If I were you (sub. II), I wouldn’t do it (the cond.)