12. Secondary sentences Parts

The secondary parts are:

1. the object

2. the attribute

3. the adverbial modifier

4. independent elements of the sentences (the apposition; the parenthesis; the address; the interjection)

1. The object is a substance modifier of the predicate; it denotes a thing or the creature to which the action passes on. The object can be expressed in different ways.

-as a noun: I like dogs

-as a pronoun: I like them

-as a gerund: I like reading

-as an infinitive: I like to read

-as a clause: I like what you like

-as a numeral: I like 2 of them

From the point of view of their value and grammatical peculiarities objects are divided into

Direct Indirect

(denotes the thing) (denotes the person towards whom the thing is moved)

I like dogs Non-prepositional Prepositional

I sent you a present I sent a present to you

2. The attribute is a quality modifier of substantive parts, either the subject or the object. It may be expressed by different parts of speech:

-as an adjective: I like big dogs

-as an pronoun: I like these dogs

-as a numerals: I like 2 of these dogs

-as a noun in possessive case: I like Mary’s dog

-as a participle: I don’t like barking dogs

3. The adverbial modifier characterizes the action or the process (qualitatively, quantitatively or the whole situation)

It may be expressed by different parts of speech

-as an adverb: He sings well

-as a numeral: He was born in 1998

-as a noun: He sings every day

-as an infinitive: He went to see us

Semantically adverbials may denote:

-place: He is singing in the room

-manner: He is singing well

-purpose: He went here to sing

-degree: He sings very well

-time: He will sing tomorrow

-cause: He isn’t singing because he’s ill

-comparison: He sings like his brother

4. Independent elements of the sentences

They are not grammatically dependent on any particular part of the sentence, they refer to the sentence as a whole. There are 2 groups of independent elements:

Apposition is a substance modifier of the subject

Anton Chekhov, the famous Russian writer, was born in Taganrog.

“the famous Russian writer” is an apposition.

5. Direct address is a modifier of the destination of the whole sentence; a name of a person to whom the rest of the sentence is addressed

Mary, look at the blackboard

They can be expressed in different ways

-as a modal verb: Perhaps he loves her

-as an interjection: You like her, eh?

-as a conjunction: Besides, he doesn’t love her

-as a phrase: In my opinion, he loves her

Parenthesis is a detached speaker-bound modifier:

-expresses the speaker’s attitude (Oh, I can’t)

-connects the sentence with the preceding or the following one (Finally, I must say…)

-specifies what is said or expresses a comment (Frankly speaking,…)

Interjection is a word used to express an emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker

"Excuse me!", "Sorry!", "No thank you!", "Oh dear!", "Hey!"

9