Unit 5 wyas of translating verbals and verbal constructions/complexes ways of rendering the lexico-grammatical meanings and functions of the english gerund

Exercise 14. State the function of the gerund in the sentences below and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. A considerable number of pictographic writing systems have been developed at different times in different parts of the world quite independently of one another, so that we have no ground for talking about the ‘evolution’ by man of the art of writing. 2. A remarkably intelligent lad, who on being spoken to, at once consented to give all the information in his power, told me the following story of his life. 3. Anthropologists have been in the habit of studying man under three rubrics of race, language and culture. 4. As a result a new school of literature arose, which, without being in sharp contrast with the old, contained some distinctly new elements. 5. But there are some other reasons for questioning this theory. 6. From these examples it is easy to see that climate by itself, is capable of influencing culture. 7. He liked to do things without disturbing anyone or being disturbed. 8. He was educated at Oxford, and devoted himself to the study of medicine, but his weak health prevented him from becoming a physician by profession. 9. Henry Mayhew was a journalist and comic dramatist born in 1812 who turned to journalism after running away to sea as a boy and later serving as a clerk in his father’s law office. 10. Historical grammar tries to explain the phenomena of a language by tracing them back to their earlier stages in the language. 11. In discussing the problem they touched upon some very interesting items. 12. In his youth he travelled extensively throughout the Congo area, and he is credited with having brought the art of weaving to the Bushongo from the West. 13. In selecting this spot as the site for an encampment, the Indians displayed a keen appreciation of its unsurpassed natural advantages. 14. It has been said that the two oldest and greatest inventions of man were the wheel and the art of controlling fire. 15. It is also worth remembering that translating is necessitated not only by differences in the national language of speakers or writers, but also by distance in space and time within a single language. 16. It is one of the purposes of this book to try to show some of the difficulties of the novelist in portraying the soul of man. 17. Lima, the city founded by Pizarro, has the reputation of being the handsomest city in South America. 18. Mayhew’s work contains valuable facts and statistics that could be gathered only by interviewing hundreds of people and by making elaborate investigations. 19. One of the conclusions is that without language there is no understanding among people, and without understanding there is no chance of their being able to work together. 20. The author shows how a language varies in passing from one social group to another. 21. The first problem in reviewing the world’s languages is to decide what to count a language. 22. The language develops slowly through a number of epochs, by modifying its vocabulary and grammar. It develops without undergoing sudden and revolutionary changes. 23. The Pre-Raphaelites also had the advantage of being more fully acquainted with medieval literature, art and thought. 24. The Puritans were far from being the earliest among the English colonists of North America. 25. The writers of the school of Flaubert and Goncourt complain of the difficulties the artist encounters in trying to reproduce what he sees. 26. These strange-looking marks on bricks and tablets of clay or cut on rocks were known to Europeans for many years before anyone succeeded in finding out what they meant. 27. Thus, in considering the causes of the Second Macedonian War, it is necessary to examine not only the aggressive activities of Philip but also the current state of political feeling at Rome. 28. With one or two rare exceptions the novelists of the 19th century never succeeded in drawing convincing men and women of the working class. 29. Не was always fond of visiting new scenes and observing strange characters and manners. 30. He cursed him­self for having come, and at the same time resolved that, happen what would, having come, he would carry it through. (London) 31. I did this by loosening all the planks, by cutting the sinews, and heating the pitch that bound them together. (O’Dell) 32. After a long period of writing, editing and patching up, we agreed on a final draft. (Snow) 33. He al­ways ended up by sending her his best love and signing himself “hers very affectionately …”. 34. She consoled herself by thinking that he loved her as much as he was capable of loving. (Maugham) 35. The countries financial difficulties being unsolved un­dermines its economic stability. (F.News) 36. There followed disturbing pictures of how their respective parents or rela­tives had it on being informed of their sins. (Dreiser)