Text a leading

An organization has the greatest chance of being successful when all of the employees work toward achieving its goals. Since leadership involves the exercise of influence by one person over others, the quality of leadership exhibited by managers is a critical determinant of organizational success. This quality is a compound of at least four major components:

• the ability to inspire;

• the ability to understand people;

• the ability to use power effectively;

• the ability to act in a manner that will develop a climate facilitating responding to and arousing motivations.

The ability to inspire followers to apply their full capacities to a project is considered to be the most important. While the use of motivations seems to focus on subordinates and their needs, inspiration also comes from group heads. They have qualities of charm and appeal that give rise to loyalty, devotion, and a strong desire on the part of followers to promote what leaders want. This is not a matter of need-satisfaction, it is, rather, a matter of giving unselfish support to a chosen leader.

The ability to understand people means appreciating the fact that human beings have different motivations at different times and in different situations. As in all practices, it is one thing to know motivation theory, kinds of motivating forces and the nature of a system of motivation, and another thing is to be able to apply this knowledge to people and situations.

A leader should be aware of the nature and strength of human needs and should be able to define and design ways of satisfying them. A leader who understands the elements of motivation is more able to administer so as to get the desired responses.

The third component of leadership is power. Everyone has power in one form or another and it is by exercising this power that organizations get things accomplished. The leader's personal power could include job knowledge, personal influence, interpersonal skills, and ability to get results, persuasive ability, and physical strength.

The fourth component has to do with the style of the leader and the climate he or she develops. Almost every role in an organized enterprise is made more satisfying to participants and more productive for the enterprise by those who can help others to fulfill their desire for such things as money, status, power, or pride of accomplishment.

The terms “managership” and “leadership” treated by some people as synonyms should be distinguished. A leader can be a manager, but a manager is not necessarily a leader. The leader of the work group may emerge informally as the choice of the group. If a manager is able to influence people to achieve the goals of the organization, without using his or her formal authority to do so, then the manager is demonstrating leadership.

The key point in differentiating between leadership and management is the idea that employees willingly follow leaders because they want to, not because they have to. Leaders may not possess the formal power to reward or sanction performance. However, employees give the leader power by complying with what he or she requests. On the other hand, managers may have to rely on formal authority to get employees to accomplish goals.

The essence of leadership is followership. In other words it is the willingness of people to follow that makes a person a leader. Moreover, people tend to follow those whom they see as providing a means of achieving their own desires, wants and needs.

Leadership may not only respond to subordinates’ motivations but also arouse or dampen them by means of the organizational climate they develop. Both those factors are as important to leadership as they do to managership.

Ideally, people should be encourages to work with zeal and confidence. Zeal is ardour, earnestness and intensity in the execution of work; confidence reflects experience and technical ability.

Leaders act to help a group achieve goals through the maximum application of its capabilities. They do not stand behind a group to push and prod; they place themselves before the group as they facilitate progress and inspire the group to accomplish organizations goals.

The fundamental principle of leadership is this: since people tend to follow those who, in their view, offer them a means of satisfying their personal goals, the more managers understand what motivates their subordinates and how these motivations operate, and the more they reflect this understanding in carrying out their managerial actions, the more effective they are likely to be as leaders.

Exercise 5. Comprehension. Answer the questions.

1. What components does the art of leadership include?

2. What does the ability to inspire imply?

3. What qualities are needed for that?

4. Why is fundamental understanding of people essential for a leader?

5. What should a leader be aware of?

6. Why is the style of a leader so important?

7. What could the leader’s personal power include?

8. Should the terms “managership” and “leadership” be distinguished? Do they mean the same thing?

9. What must managers do to achieve objectives?

10. Who do people tend to follow?

11. What is the attitude of the followers to a chosen leader?

12. How do leaders influence the performance of their subordinates?

13. How should people strive toward the achievement of group goals?

14. What is the fundamental principle of leadership?

Exercise 6. Find the synonyms to the words from list A in list B.

A: trait; select; hire; be aware; extinction; result from; equilibrium; violation; punishment; integral; precise; capacity; persuasive; zeal; compliance;

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B: infringement; exact; balance; penalty; inalienable; faculty; pliability; characteristic; cessation; fervour; arise from; engage; convincing; choose; realize;

Exercise 7. Match the words to get word partners from the text.

1. trait 2. formal 3. traditional 4. organizational 5. superior 6. chosen 7. motivating 8. human 9. technical 10. managerial

a. definition b. position c. forces d. beings e. authority f. ability g. actions h. approach i. goals j. leader

Exercise 8. Match the terms and their definitions.

1. management 2. power 3. leadership 4. authority 5. followership 6. managership 7. motivation

a) the formal and legitimate right to make decisions, give orders, and allocate resources b) the process of setting and achieving the goals of the organization through the functions of management c) the ability to exert influence in the organization beyond authority, which is derived from position d) the willingness of people to be lead e) directing the activity of others in fulfilling organization goals f) the set of processes that moves a person toward a goal g) an interpersonal influence directed toward the achievement of a goal or goals

Exercise 9. Say what you’ve learned from the text about

a) components of leadership;

b) differentiation between leadership and

managership.

Exercise 10. Insert the following words into the text below. Some words can be used more than once.

managership tool

leads organized

leader executive

synonyms unorganized

Although some people treat the terms “managership“ and “leadership” as ……, they should be distinguished. As a matter of fact there can be leaders of …… groups, but there can be managers only where …… structures create roles.

Leadership is an important issue of …… : the ability to lead effectively is one of the keys of being an effective manager. Doing the entire managerial job demands that a manager is an effective….. .

Leadership is a way of doing things that you can easily master – whether you are president of a huge corporation or an …… on the way up. It is a practical …… of everyday life. Each of us …… something, even if it is only taking a dog for a walk each evening.

Exercise 11. Say it in English.

1. Лидерство и руководство взаимосвязаны: способность вести за собой является основным качеством хорошего руководителя.

2. Выполнение управленческой работы требует от руководителя умения вести за собой (лидировать).

3. Люди следуют за теми, кто понимает их желания и потребности и предлагает пути осуществления их личных целей.

4. Лидер должен хорошо понимать людей, которые идут за ним.

5. Лидеры должны откликаться на запросы людей. Атмосфера, которую они создают в организации, может стимулировать подчиненных либо, напротив, охладить их рвение.

6. Лидерство определяется как процесс влияния на людей таким образом, чтобы они с готовностью и энтузиазмом стремились к достижению общих целей.

7. Способность вдохновлять своих работников на работу с полной отдачей является ключевой в искусстве руководства.

8. Лидеру недостаточно понимать теорию мотивации, он должен уметь применить знание основных положений этой теории к конкретным людям и ситуациям.

9. Важным компонентом руководства является власть и то, как руководитель пользуется этой властью, влияет на климат в коллективе.

10. Если руководитель помогает своим подчиненным в выполнении их стремлений к таким вещам как деньги, власть, положение в обществе или гордость успехами, то он всегда в ответ получит желаемый отклик.

11. Чем лучше руководитель понимает, что движет его сотрудниками и каким образом эти мотивы работают, тем лучше он поможет воплотить это понимание в своих поступках.

12. Чем больше люди склонны следовать за теми, кто, по их мнению, предлагает им средство удовлетворения их личных целей, тем больше руководители должны понимать, что движет их подчиненными.

Exercise 12. Read and translate text B making use of the vocabulary.

challenge n вызов; сложная проблема; трудная работа challenge v бросать вызов; претендовать quarterly statement квартальный отчет transformational a преобразующий; меняющий мнение и отношение последователей к поставленной цели transaction n дело; сделка visionary a фантастический; мечтательный defiance n вызов, открытое неповиновение transcend v переступать; превосходить concurrence n совпадение мнений; согласованность

elation n приподнятое настроение intensity n сила; напряжение domain n владение; область, сфера autocratic a самодержавный, властный free-rein a бесконтрольный, свободный тип управления rein n узда, сдерживающее средство; контроль the reins of government бразды правления to keep a tight rein on держать в узде, строго контролировать compliance n подчинение (правилам) aloof a отчужденный