- •Air sampling and industrial hygiene engineering. Martha j. Boss & Dennis w. Day
- •4.1 Definitions
- •4.2 Example—outline of bulk sampling qa/qc procedure
- •4.3 Example—outline of the niosh 7400 qa procedure
- •4.3.1 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision of 0.45
- •4.3.2 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision sr that is Better Than 0.45
- •4.3.3 Records to Be Kept in a qa/qc System
- •4.3.4 Field Monitoring Procedures—Air Sample
- •4.3.5 Calibration
- •4.4 Sampling and analytical errors
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is in Compliance
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is not in Compliance
- •4.5 Sampling methods
- •4.5.1 Full-Period, Continuous Single Sampling
- •4.5.2 Full-Period, Consecutive Sampling
- •4.5.3 Grab Sampling
- •4.6 Calculations
- •4.6.1 Calculation Method for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.2 Sample Calculation for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.3 Calculation Method for a Full-Period Consecutive Sampling
- •4.7 Grab sampling
- •4.8 Saes—exposure to chemical mixtures
- •5.1 Baseline risk assessment
- •5.2 Conceptual site model
- •5.2.1 Source Areas
- •5.2.2 Possible Receptors
- •5.3 Chemicals of potential concern
- •5.4 Human health blra criteria
- •5.5 Toxicity assessment
- •5.6 Toxicological profiles
- •5.7 Uncertainties related to toxicity information
- •5.8 Potentially exposed populations
- •5.8.1 Exposure Pathways
- •5.8.2 Sources
- •5.9 Environmental fate and transport of copCs
- •5.10 Exposure points and exposure routes
- •5.11 Complete exposure pathways evaluated
- •5.12 Ecological risk assessment
- •5.13 Data evaluation and data gaps
- •5.14 Uncertainties
- •5.14.1 Uncertainties Related to Toxicity Information
- •5.14.2 Uncertainties in the Exposure Assessment
- •5.15 Risk characterization
- •5.16 Headspace monitoring—volatiles
- •5.18 Industrial monitoring—process safety management
- •5.19 Bulk samples
- •6.1 Fungi, molds, and risk
- •6.1.1 What Is the Difference between Molds, Fungi, and Yeasts?
- •6.1.2 How Would I Become Exposed to Fungi That Would Create a Health Effect?
- •6.1.3 What Types of Molds Are Commonly Found Indoors?
- •6.1.4 Are Mold Counts Helpful?
- •6.1.5 What Can Happen with Mold-Caused Health Disorders?
- •6.2 Biological agents and fungi types
- •6.2.1 Alternaria
- •6.3 Aspergillus
- •6.4 Penicillium
- •6.5 Fungi and disease
- •6.6 Fungi control
- •6.6.1 Ubiquitous Fungi
- •6.6.2 Infection
- •6.6.3 Immediate Worker Protection
- •6.6.4 Decontamination
- •6.6.5 Fungi and voCs
- •6.6.6 Controlling Fungi
- •6.7 Abatement
- •Indoor Air Quality and Environments
- •7.1 Ventilation design guide
- •7.2 Example design conditions guidance
- •7.2.1 Outside Design Conditions
- •7.2.2 Inside Design Conditions
- •7.3 Mechanical room layout requirements
- •7.4 Electrical equipment/panel coordination
- •7.5 General piping requirements
- •7.6 Roof-mounted equipment
- •7.7 Vibration isolation/equipment pads
- •7.8 Instrumentation
- •7.9 Redundancy
- •7.10 Exterior heat distribution system
- •7.10.1 Determination of Existing Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2 Selection of Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2.1 Ag Systems
- •7.10.2.2 Cst Systems
- •7.10.2.3 Buried Conduit (preapproved type)
- •7.10.2.4 Buried Conduit (not preapproved type)
- •7.11 Thermal insulation of mechanical systems
- •7.12 Plumbing system
- •7.12.1 Piping Run
- •7.13 Compressed air system
- •7.13.1 Compressor Selection and Analysis
- •7.13.2 Compressor Capacity
- •7.13.3 Compressor Location and Foundations
- •7.13.4 Makeup Air
- •7.13.5 Compressed Air Outlets
- •7.13.6 Refrigerated Dryer
- •7.14 Air supply and distribution system
- •7.14.1 Basic Design Principles
- •7.14.2 Temperature Settings
- •7.14.3 Air-Conditioning Loads
- •7.14.4 Infiltration
- •7.14.5 Outdoor Air Intakes
- •7.14.6 Filtration
- •7.14.7 Economizer Cycle
- •7.15 Ductwork design
- •7.15.3 Evaporative Cooling
- •7.16 Ventilation and exhaust systems
- •7.16.1 Supply and Exhaust Fans
- •7.17 Testing, adjusting, and balancing of hvac systems
- •7.18 Ventilation adequacy
- •7.19 Laboratory fume hood performance criteria
- •7.20 Flow hoods
- •7.21 Thermoanemometers
- •7.22 Other velometers
7.5 General piping requirements
As applicable, the following should be provided for all piping systems:
All pumps, regardless of design service, should be nonoverloading during oper ation so the pump can operate at any point on its characteristic pump curve.
Air vents should be installed on all high points in piping systems.
Air vent location is critical to air actually being vented versus just moving to the next lower air pressure area of the piping. Air and the odors associated with volatile components in the air accumulate in pipes when there is inadequate venting. Ultimately this air is then available to the building proper if there is an "escape route" from the piping. Common escape routes are dry floor drains, through toilet waters, across sink traps and into sink drain-head spaces, and any breaks in piping.
• Valves
—Vent and drain valves with hose-end connections should be provided on all mechanical systems.
—Drain valves should be installed at low points and for equipment that must be dismantled for routine servicing.
—Isolation valves, balancing valves, flow measuring devices, and pressure/ temperature test plugs should be provided at all heating and/or cooling terminal units.
—Bypass piping with isolation valves should be provided around all nonredun-dant control and system regulating valves.
Pipe taps, suitable for use with either a 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) outside diameter (OD) temperature or pressure probe, should be located at each pressure gauge.
Coils
—All coils should be provided with valved drain and air vent connections.
—On air-handling units with multiple coils, isolation valves should be installed on the supply piping and a balancing valve on the return piping of each coil.
—A thermometer should be installed on the supply piping of each coil.
—Temperature/pressure taps should be provided on the supply and return piping of each coil.
Strainers should be provided with a valved blowdown connection and piped to a floor drain.
All underground metallic lines, fittings, and valves, except for cast iron soil and storm drain piping systems, should be cathodically protected.
All exterior, underground nonmetallic piping should be buried with pipe detec tion tape.
These design criteria ensure that system components can be located and isolated for maintenance. Areas where piping will be breached after isolation should be identified because in these areas exposure to workers and the environment from pipe contents is most likely during maintenance events. Identification of these areas should then be keyed to general building ventilation systems, location of PPE, and provisions for emergency exiting of the building proper.
7.6 Roof-mounted equipment
Except for intake or relief penthouses, no mechanical equipment should be located on the roof of the facility.
7.7 Vibration isolation/equipment pads
Provide vibration-isolation devices on all floor-mounted and suspended mechanical equipment that could transmit noise and vibration to occupied areas. All floor-mounted mechanical equipment should be provided with 6-in. (152-mm) housekeeping pads.
Vibration isolation is also important to prevent the transmission of vibrations to nearby equipment, piping, and control systems. The transmission of vibrations is an issue; sustained vibration of equipment may "shake loose" equipment components.