- •Air sampling and industrial hygiene engineering. Martha j. Boss & Dennis w. Day
- •4.1 Definitions
- •4.2 Example—outline of bulk sampling qa/qc procedure
- •4.3 Example—outline of the niosh 7400 qa procedure
- •4.3.1 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision of 0.45
- •4.3.2 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision sr that is Better Than 0.45
- •4.3.3 Records to Be Kept in a qa/qc System
- •4.3.4 Field Monitoring Procedures—Air Sample
- •4.3.5 Calibration
- •4.4 Sampling and analytical errors
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is in Compliance
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is not in Compliance
- •4.5 Sampling methods
- •4.5.1 Full-Period, Continuous Single Sampling
- •4.5.2 Full-Period, Consecutive Sampling
- •4.5.3 Grab Sampling
- •4.6 Calculations
- •4.6.1 Calculation Method for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.2 Sample Calculation for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.3 Calculation Method for a Full-Period Consecutive Sampling
- •4.7 Grab sampling
- •4.8 Saes—exposure to chemical mixtures
- •5.1 Baseline risk assessment
- •5.2 Conceptual site model
- •5.2.1 Source Areas
- •5.2.2 Possible Receptors
- •5.3 Chemicals of potential concern
- •5.4 Human health blra criteria
- •5.5 Toxicity assessment
- •5.6 Toxicological profiles
- •5.7 Uncertainties related to toxicity information
- •5.8 Potentially exposed populations
- •5.8.1 Exposure Pathways
- •5.8.2 Sources
- •5.9 Environmental fate and transport of copCs
- •5.10 Exposure points and exposure routes
- •5.11 Complete exposure pathways evaluated
- •5.12 Ecological risk assessment
- •5.13 Data evaluation and data gaps
- •5.14 Uncertainties
- •5.14.1 Uncertainties Related to Toxicity Information
- •5.14.2 Uncertainties in the Exposure Assessment
- •5.15 Risk characterization
- •5.16 Headspace monitoring—volatiles
- •5.18 Industrial monitoring—process safety management
- •5.19 Bulk samples
- •6.1 Fungi, molds, and risk
- •6.1.1 What Is the Difference between Molds, Fungi, and Yeasts?
- •6.1.2 How Would I Become Exposed to Fungi That Would Create a Health Effect?
- •6.1.3 What Types of Molds Are Commonly Found Indoors?
- •6.1.4 Are Mold Counts Helpful?
- •6.1.5 What Can Happen with Mold-Caused Health Disorders?
- •6.2 Biological agents and fungi types
- •6.2.1 Alternaria
- •6.3 Aspergillus
- •6.4 Penicillium
- •6.5 Fungi and disease
- •6.6 Fungi control
- •6.6.1 Ubiquitous Fungi
- •6.6.2 Infection
- •6.6.3 Immediate Worker Protection
- •6.6.4 Decontamination
- •6.6.5 Fungi and voCs
- •6.6.6 Controlling Fungi
- •6.7 Abatement
- •Indoor Air Quality and Environments
- •7.1 Ventilation design guide
- •7.2 Example design conditions guidance
- •7.2.1 Outside Design Conditions
- •7.2.2 Inside Design Conditions
- •7.3 Mechanical room layout requirements
- •7.4 Electrical equipment/panel coordination
- •7.5 General piping requirements
- •7.6 Roof-mounted equipment
- •7.7 Vibration isolation/equipment pads
- •7.8 Instrumentation
- •7.9 Redundancy
- •7.10 Exterior heat distribution system
- •7.10.1 Determination of Existing Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2 Selection of Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2.1 Ag Systems
- •7.10.2.2 Cst Systems
- •7.10.2.3 Buried Conduit (preapproved type)
- •7.10.2.4 Buried Conduit (not preapproved type)
- •7.11 Thermal insulation of mechanical systems
- •7.12 Plumbing system
- •7.12.1 Piping Run
- •7.13 Compressed air system
- •7.13.1 Compressor Selection and Analysis
- •7.13.2 Compressor Capacity
- •7.13.3 Compressor Location and Foundations
- •7.13.4 Makeup Air
- •7.13.5 Compressed Air Outlets
- •7.13.6 Refrigerated Dryer
- •7.14 Air supply and distribution system
- •7.14.1 Basic Design Principles
- •7.14.2 Temperature Settings
- •7.14.3 Air-Conditioning Loads
- •7.14.4 Infiltration
- •7.14.5 Outdoor Air Intakes
- •7.14.6 Filtration
- •7.14.7 Economizer Cycle
- •7.15 Ductwork design
- •7.15.3 Evaporative Cooling
- •7.16 Ventilation and exhaust systems
- •7.16.1 Supply and Exhaust Fans
- •7.17 Testing, adjusting, and balancing of hvac systems
- •7.18 Ventilation adequacy
- •7.19 Laboratory fume hood performance criteria
- •7.20 Flow hoods
- •7.21 Thermoanemometers
- •7.22 Other velometers
5.14.2 Uncertainties in the Exposure Assessment
Uncertainties in the exposure assessment are introduced in estimating the concentrations to which receptors may be exposed to in the future and in identifying exposed populations. The future land use at the facility and prediction of the future surrounding use add uncertainty to this assessment. The exposure scenarios selected are developed to model the highest reasonable potential exposures to site contaminants. These estimates are unlikely to underestimate future potential risk.
Estimates of exposure frequency and duration are also uncertain. Reasonable levels were selected that are not likely to underestimate the risk associated with site-related activities.
Uncertainty is present in exposure point concentration estimations.
All data for metals in groundwater are based on unfiltered groundwater samples.
5.15 Risk characterization
Based on intake calculations and the identification of complete exposure pathways, an overall site characterization and a risk characterization are completed. This will include the following:
Written justification for the assumptions used to calculate human dose or intake
Characterization of carcinogenic risk using EPA-established carcinogenic SFs
Estimation of carcinogenic risk expressed as the incremental increase in the prob ability of an individual developing cancer over a lifetime (incremental lifetime cancer risks [ILCRs])
Summation of ILCRs for individual COPCs across pathways and within receptor exposure scenarios (e.g., on-site worker exposed to groundwater)
Estimation of potential adverse health effects from exposure to systemic toxicants via comparing an exposure intake to a standard RfD (This ratio is the HQ.)
Estimation of HQs for each COPC for which toxicity values are available
Assumption of individual COPC HQ additivity applied to chemicals that induce the same effect on the same target organ
The summation of HQs is judged to form valid upper-bound hazard indices. These summations are considered only when chemicals within the mixture exhibit "dilution type interaction" (Science Advisory Board Review of the OSWER draft RAGS, Human Health Evaluation Manual [HHEM], EPA-SAB-EHC-93-007). These chemicals within a mixture must have interactions that are independent mechanisms; synergistic and/or antagonistic interactions invalidate the summation of HQs.
Consider indirect exposures (e.g., through the food chain) when receptors have been identified as currently present on-site or potentially identified given reuse options. Grazing scenarios are to be considered both as indirect exposures to humans and with the ecological assessment.
Consider exposure pathways related to soil contamination in terms of dermal and inhalation of fugitive dust hazards.
5.16 Headspace monitoring—volatiles
The PID is a quantitative instrument that measures the total concentration of various VOCs in the air. The PID may be used as an approach instrument to monitor for safe approach to the site's hot spots and also for headspace analysis of any samples taken.
When wells are drilled and/or soil borings are taken, the headspace in the borehole is monitored to assure safety to the drill crew. The PID measures in the parts per million range; therefore, sustained deflection of over 5 ppm for 1 min is a good indicator of volatile presence long before most volatile chemicals reach an explosive potential.
PIDs are also used for ongoing monitoring of personnel exposures. If a detection of volatiles occurs, either detector tube or solvent tube sampling may be required to identify the exact volatile chemical constituency.
5.17 O2/CGI
The O2/CGI is an air-monitoring device designed to indicate the level of oxygen present and monitor for a flammable /explosive atmosphere. The CGI registers combustible gas
or vapors in terms of their LEL, which is the lowest concentration at which a combustible gas may ignite (or explode) under normal atmospheric conditions.
These instruments are required on all sites where volatiles may be expected to reach LEL levels and for all sampling requiring confined space entry.