
- •Air sampling and industrial hygiene engineering. Martha j. Boss & Dennis w. Day
- •4.1 Definitions
- •4.2 Example—outline of bulk sampling qa/qc procedure
- •4.3 Example—outline of the niosh 7400 qa procedure
- •4.3.1 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision of 0.45
- •4.3.2 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision sr that is Better Than 0.45
- •4.3.3 Records to Be Kept in a qa/qc System
- •4.3.4 Field Monitoring Procedures—Air Sample
- •4.3.5 Calibration
- •4.4 Sampling and analytical errors
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is in Compliance
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is not in Compliance
- •4.5 Sampling methods
- •4.5.1 Full-Period, Continuous Single Sampling
- •4.5.2 Full-Period, Consecutive Sampling
- •4.5.3 Grab Sampling
- •4.6 Calculations
- •4.6.1 Calculation Method for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.2 Sample Calculation for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.3 Calculation Method for a Full-Period Consecutive Sampling
- •4.7 Grab sampling
- •4.8 Saes—exposure to chemical mixtures
- •5.1 Baseline risk assessment
- •5.2 Conceptual site model
- •5.2.1 Source Areas
- •5.2.2 Possible Receptors
- •5.3 Chemicals of potential concern
- •5.4 Human health blra criteria
- •5.5 Toxicity assessment
- •5.6 Toxicological profiles
- •5.7 Uncertainties related to toxicity information
- •5.8 Potentially exposed populations
- •5.8.1 Exposure Pathways
- •5.8.2 Sources
- •5.9 Environmental fate and transport of copCs
- •5.10 Exposure points and exposure routes
- •5.11 Complete exposure pathways evaluated
- •5.12 Ecological risk assessment
- •5.13 Data evaluation and data gaps
- •5.14 Uncertainties
- •5.14.1 Uncertainties Related to Toxicity Information
- •5.14.2 Uncertainties in the Exposure Assessment
- •5.15 Risk characterization
- •5.16 Headspace monitoring—volatiles
- •5.18 Industrial monitoring—process safety management
- •5.19 Bulk samples
- •6.1 Fungi, molds, and risk
- •6.1.1 What Is the Difference between Molds, Fungi, and Yeasts?
- •6.1.2 How Would I Become Exposed to Fungi That Would Create a Health Effect?
- •6.1.3 What Types of Molds Are Commonly Found Indoors?
- •6.1.4 Are Mold Counts Helpful?
- •6.1.5 What Can Happen with Mold-Caused Health Disorders?
- •6.2 Biological agents and fungi types
- •6.2.1 Alternaria
- •6.3 Aspergillus
- •6.4 Penicillium
- •6.5 Fungi and disease
- •6.6 Fungi control
- •6.6.1 Ubiquitous Fungi
- •6.6.2 Infection
- •6.6.3 Immediate Worker Protection
- •6.6.4 Decontamination
- •6.6.5 Fungi and voCs
- •6.6.6 Controlling Fungi
- •6.7 Abatement
- •Indoor Air Quality and Environments
- •7.1 Ventilation design guide
- •7.2 Example design conditions guidance
- •7.2.1 Outside Design Conditions
- •7.2.2 Inside Design Conditions
- •7.3 Mechanical room layout requirements
- •7.4 Electrical equipment/panel coordination
- •7.5 General piping requirements
- •7.6 Roof-mounted equipment
- •7.7 Vibration isolation/equipment pads
- •7.8 Instrumentation
- •7.9 Redundancy
- •7.10 Exterior heat distribution system
- •7.10.1 Determination of Existing Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2 Selection of Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2.1 Ag Systems
- •7.10.2.2 Cst Systems
- •7.10.2.3 Buried Conduit (preapproved type)
- •7.10.2.4 Buried Conduit (not preapproved type)
- •7.11 Thermal insulation of mechanical systems
- •7.12 Plumbing system
- •7.12.1 Piping Run
- •7.13 Compressed air system
- •7.13.1 Compressor Selection and Analysis
- •7.13.2 Compressor Capacity
- •7.13.3 Compressor Location and Foundations
- •7.13.4 Makeup Air
- •7.13.5 Compressed Air Outlets
- •7.13.6 Refrigerated Dryer
- •7.14 Air supply and distribution system
- •7.14.1 Basic Design Principles
- •7.14.2 Temperature Settings
- •7.14.3 Air-Conditioning Loads
- •7.14.4 Infiltration
- •7.14.5 Outdoor Air Intakes
- •7.14.6 Filtration
- •7.14.7 Economizer Cycle
- •7.15 Ductwork design
- •7.15.3 Evaporative Cooling
- •7.16 Ventilation and exhaust systems
- •7.16.1 Supply and Exhaust Fans
- •7.17 Testing, adjusting, and balancing of hvac systems
- •7.18 Ventilation adequacy
- •7.19 Laboratory fume hood performance criteria
- •7.20 Flow hoods
- •7.21 Thermoanemometers
- •7.22 Other velometers
5.6 Toxicological profiles
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) data and IRIS information are used to prepare toxicological profiles for COPCs. The toxicological profiles will include specific toxicological information (e.g., toxicological effects, target organs, critical effect).
5.7 Uncertainties related to toxicity information
The RfDs established for COPCs are a major source of uncertainty in a BLRA. The RfD is the estimate of daily exposure likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. The RfD is derived by the application of uncertainty factors to selected exposure levels identified in animal or human studies. Identified exposure levels are divided by these uncertainty factors to assure that the RfD will not be overestimated.
For example, an uncertainty factor of 10 is used to account for variations in human sensitivity when using data from valid human studies involving long-term exposure of average, healthy subjects. Additional uncertainty factors of 10 are applied to account for uncertainties in extrapolating from observation of toxicity in animals to predicted toxicity in humans, to account for uncertainties in identifying threshold dose from experimental data, and to account for uncertainties in extrapolating from subchronic to chronic studies. Any additional uncertainty factor or modifying factor ranging from >0 to £10 may be applied to reflect professional assessment of other uncertainties that may exist in the toxicity database for a specific compound.
Considerable uncertainties are involved in identifying whether or not a compound is a likely potential human carcinogen and at what level of exposure an increased risk of cancer may exist.
Uncertainties in quantifying the exposure level that may result in elevated carcinogenic risk for specific compounds are compensated for by using the 95% UCL of the estimated slope. This slope refers to the line that relates chemical exposure to the probability of developing cancer—thus the term slope factor for carcinogens. Using the 95% UCL is a statistical path to assure that the actual SF is highly unlikely to be greater than the SF listed for that chemical. These dose-response assumptions provide an upper, but plausible, estimate of the limit of risk when the SF is used to estimate risk associated with an estimated level of exposure.
5.8 Potentially exposed populations
For the future land-use scenario the assumption is that the site property will remain a site. The population to be considered includes on-site workers, site visitors, and possible future construction workers. The population may be exposed to surface soil, subsurface soil, and groundwater through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact.
The monitoring results of the well survey efforts are used to determine completed exposure pathways. The site does not have on-site residential or adjacent residential property; therefore, the soil exposure pathway is not applicable (i.e., complete) for on-site or adjacent sites.
Recreational receptors to be evaluated will include site trespassers and users of the site.