ROVs were introduced in

1. 80s;

2. 90s;

3. 2000s.

3. Say whether these statements are true or false.

1. Blow outs are dangerous situations that could occur on an oil rig.

2. Thermal cracking is the process of breaking down of heavier petroleum molecules into smaller molecules by the action of heat.

3. Oil-based by-products became customary in the late 1960s.

4. The first serious emergency happened on an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico.

5. Seismic technology uses the reflection of sound waves to identify subsurface formations.

6. Oil and gas technology of the last decade of the 21^st century was mostly focused on environmental protection.

7. The Hoover-Diana is a huge platform mounted in the Gulf of Mexico.

4. Fill in the following table.

Inventions and Discoveries

Text d proposal letter

1. Read and translate a proposal letter.

Sample of Offer

Mr. Fred North

Purchasing Manager

Broadway Autos

November 11, 20__

Dear Mr North,

Thank you very much for your inquiry. We are of course very familiar with your range of vehicles and are pleased to inform you that we have a new line in batteries that fit your specifications exactly.

The most suitable of our products for your requirements is Artemis 66A Plus. This product combines economy, high power output and quick charging time and is available now from stock.

I enclose a detailed quotation with prices, specifications and delivery terms. As you will see from this, our prices are very competitive. I have arranged for our agent Mr Martin of Fillmore S.A. to deliver five of these batteries to you next week, so that you can carry out the laboratory tests. Our own laboratory reports, enclosed with this letter, show that our new Artemis 66A Plus performs as well as any of our competitor’s product and, in some respects, outperforms them.

If you would like further information, please telephone or telex me: my extension number is 776. Or you may prefer to contact Mr John Martin of Fillmore S.A. in M__________: his telephone number is 01779902.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely,

(signature)

Fred Stock

2. Read and translate the text.

JSC LUKOIL-UKHTANEFTEPERERABOTKA COMPLETES MODERNIZATION OF ITS AT-1 ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION UNIT

A modernized crude atmospheric distillation unit (AT-1) went on stream today at JSC Lukoil-Ukhtaneftepererabotka (Lukoil-UNP) in Ukhta, the Komi Republic.

The modernization of the AT-1 unit, begun in 2000 without halting the production, has been carried out by JSC “Kompania Neftekhimmontazh-LK” as part of the comprehensive “JSC Lukoil-Ukhtaneftepererabotka” Reconstruction Program for the Period of 2000 – 2005.

As a result of the modernization, the unit’s annual production capacity will reach 3.3 million tons of oil, the efficiency of refining will increase, with the share of light petroleum products going up by 13%, whereas the energy consumption will go down, including 15.8% in electricity, and the emission of pollutants will be cut down significantly.

The Lukoil-UNP Modernization Program was adopted in late 1999, following the company’s merger with JSC Lukoil. As the Komi Republic Government gave the Program its full support, a general overhaul of all the facilities started in 2000 and a new railway trestle was constructed for loading light oils. The next stage of the modernization envisages, among other things, the construction of a diesel fuel hydrodewaxing unit with an annual capacity of 850,000 tons, the overhauling of units for catalytic reforming, vacuum distillation and bitumen production, and the reprogramming of the AT-2unit for visbreaking purposes.

The aim of the Comprehensive Program is to bring the share of high-octane gasoline up to 45 % of the overall gasoline production figure and begin the production of ecologically-safe diesel fuel with a sulphur content not exceeding 0.05%. The Program, when implemented, will also enable the company to produce diesel fuel for the Arctic conditions, aviation kerosene and also improve its ecological performance indicators. It is expected that the implementation of the Program will boost the refining efficiency of Lukoil-UNP up to 65-70%.

3. Learn some other useful expressions:

1.

2.

3.

4. Write a proposal letter yourself. Offer the crude oil atmospheric distillation unit to the enterprise interested in this equipment. Раздел III Современные тенденции развития нефтегазовой отрасли

1. Pre-reading task. Read the following sentences. Study the italicized words in their context and guess their meaning. Write your guess on the first line. Then look up the words in your dictionary and write the definitions on the second line.

1. While this is certainly true for crude oils they are easily and inexpensively processed into high quality fuels, there are vast deposits of heavy crude oils in many parts of the world.

1. (guess) _________________________________________________________.

2. (dictionary) _____________________________________________________.

2. Heavy crude oils have a density (compactness of a substance) similar to that of water or even exceeding it.

1. (guess) ________________________________________________________.

2. (dictionary) _____________________________________________________.

3. They usually are extremely viscous, with a consistency ranging from that of heavy soft sediments to a solid at a room temperature.

1. (guess) ________________________________________________________.

2. (dictionary) _____________________________________________________.

4. These properties also present serious environmental challenges to the growth of heavy oil production and use.

1. (guess) _________________________________________________________.

2. (dictionary) _____________________________________________________.

5. Environmental concerns about heavy crude oils are of two types.

1. (guess) ________________________________________________________.

2. (dictionary) _____________________________________________________.

6. Chemical wastes and byproducts of heavy crude oil production and refining may cause a serious ecological harm if given off to the environment.

1. (guess) _________________________________________________________.

2. (dictionary) _____________________________________________________.

2. Read the international words, translate them into Russian.

concentration, agency, distillate, accumulate, type, method, effective.

Look up the words consistency and conventional in the dictionary. Are their meanings different from what you guess?

3. Learn the vocabulary.

1. challenge (n) – трудная задача, вызов;

2. run out (v) – заканчиваться;

3. remain (v) – оставаться, (n, pl) – остатки, останки;

4. conventional (adj) – обычный, традиционный;

5. density (n) – плотность;

6. approach (v) – приближаться, подходить, (n) – подход, метод;

7. exceed (v) – превышать;

8. viscous (adj) – вязкий;

9. molasse [mǝ’læs] (n) – мягкая осадочная порода;

10. sulphur (n) – сера;

11. concern (n) – забота, задача;

12. deplete (v) – истощать, исчерпывать;

13. upgrade (v) – улучшать, модернизировать;

14. injury (n) – повреждение, ущерб, рана;

15. release (v) – (зд.) отпускать, выпускать, освобождать;

16. spill (v) – проливать;

17. affect (v) – влиять;

18. persistent (adj) – настойчивый, устойчивый, постоянный;

19. yield (n) – прибыль, добыча, количество произведенного ресурса;

20. in situ [in’sitju:] – на месте естественного залегания, на месте проведения работ.

Text a Environmental Challenges of Heavy Crude Oils

The world is running out of crude oil! While this is certainly true for conventional crude oils that are easily and inexpensively processed into high-quality fuels, there are vast deposits of heavy crude oils in many parts of the world. In fact, these reserves are estimated at more than seven times the known remaining reserves of conventional crude oils. The largest heavy oil reserves are in the Orinoco oil belt of Venezuela, the Athabasca oil sands in Alberta, Canada, and the Olenek oil sands in Siberia, Russia.

These heavy crude oils are known as unconventional crude oils because they cannot be produced, transported, and refined by conventional methods. Heavy crude oils have a density (specific gravity) approaching or even exceeding that of water. They usually are extremely viscous, with a consistency ranging from that of heavy molasses to a solid at room temperature. Heavy crude oils usually contain high concentrations of sulphur and several metals, particularly nickel and vanadium. These are the properties that make them difficult to pump out of the ground or through a pipeline and interfere with refining. These properties also present serious environmental challenges to the growth of heavy oil production and use.

However, as proven reserves of conventional crude oil are depleted, there is a growing interest in developing the vast resources of these unconventional oils. To this end, the oil industry and government energy agencies are developing new, cost-effective methods for extracting the heavy oils from the reservoir, upgrading them either in situ or at the wellhead, transporting the heavy crude oils or synthetic crude (syncrudes) produced at the well to the refinery, and refining the heavy oils and syncrudes to obtain high yields of valuable light and middle distillate fuels.

Environmental concerns about heavy crude oils are of two types:

• Chemical wastes and byproducts of heavy crude oil production, upgrading, and refining may cause serious ecological injury if released to the environment.

• Spills of heavy crude oils and syncrudes are difficult to clean up and may cause long-term injury to the affected environment.

Many of the in situ and wellhead upgrading and refining technologies produce waste gases and solids that, if released to the environment, would cause serious ecological injury. Additionally, tanker or pipeline accidents involving heavy oils are difficult to clean up. The oil, particularly if it accumulates in upland soils, on the shore, or on the sea floor, may be extremely persistent and may cause chronic injury to the affected environment.

4. Match the synonyms.

1. to affect a. method

2. to upgrade b. harm

3. approach c. to influence

4. to spill d. to run out

5. persistent e. to surpass

6. to deplete f. to scatter

7. conventional g. usual

8. injury h. to increase

9. to exceed i. continual

5. Word building. Make up the new words and translate them into Russian.

Viscous – viscosity

Dense –

Permeable –

Porous –

Soluble –

6. Complete the sentences with a suitable word.

challenge, remain, conventional, density, approach, viscous, spill, affect, yield, in situ.

1. Researchers are looking for a new … to solve this complicated problem.

2. Gravity acts on the fluids separating them in the reservoir according to their …, with gas being on the top, then oil, then water.

3. As the liquid cools, it becomes ….

4. The oil and gas industry is ready to meet the … of the 21^st century.

5. Oil and gas were formed from the … of prehistoric plants and animals.

6. There was an enormous oil … off the southern tip of the Shetland Islands.

7. Commercial drilling clay preparations have a … of 35 to 40 barrels per ton.

8. … processes, by heating the resource in its natural depositional setting, minimize or eliminate the need for mining and surface pyrolysis.

9. The advanced technologies … the work on drilling rigs.

10. Internet connections through … telephone lines are fairly slow.

7. Answer the questions on Text a.

1. Why are heavy crude oils are known as unconventional?

2. Are the reserves of unconventional crude oil enormous?

3. Where do some of them occur?

4. Why does the recovery of heavy crude oils cause serious environmental concerns?

5. What are these concerns?

Text B

Intervew

1. Read the interview with Igor Fedotov, Deputy General Director of lukoil-Volgograd

Oil of Russia magazine

Work being done within the LUKOIL Group has opened up great new prospects for development department specialists at the LUKOIL-VolgogradNIPImorneft Institute. This division of the Institute has won considerable recognition on the Russian and international markets, and is effectively solving problems associated with oil production on the Caspian Sea shelf.

Q: Can you tell us about your Institute's work on the Caspian Sea's offshore oil fields?

A: The Institute's oil and gas field development department is the division carrying out research work on analyzing the development of oil and gas fields, the hydrodynamic modelling of reservoirs, analyzing and validating methods for enhanced oil recovery, and monitoring the process of developing oil fields and new technologies for the production of oil and gas. Our experts have been doing research on the Caspian fields for quite some time. The first work was done in 1997. Since then, six fields have been opened within the Severny license area.

The Institute's specialists continue to analyze the geological structure of the area. The discovery of the Tsentralnoye oil field is a joint venture between LUKOIL and Gazprom. A total cycle of studies has been performed in the oil field. The hydrocarbon reserves there are quite substantial: more than 100 million tons of oil equivalent.

Q: What are some of the difficulties in developing oil fields on the Caspian Sea?

A: Every oil and gas field in the waters of the Caspian Sea is unique. We're always looking for effective technologies to develop them. The main feature of all offshore oil fields is that it's impossible to drill a large number of exploratory wells. This is why our experts continually use the results from seismic tests and reservoir forecasts.

Hydrocarbon production on the Caspian Sea is also complicated by the shallow formation depth. At the Yury Korchagin oil field, for example, the pay bed of producing horizontal wells is several kilometres long. It has to be divided into several segments whose production can be regulated independently.

Many of the Caspian Sea oil fields have a gas cap. This feature can negatively affect the operation of a well, but by taking a skilled approach and using the energy of the gas, we can even enhance oil recovery.

Our offshore field development experts have also to consider what is technologically possible in well construction and oil production. It's impossible to install the same equipment on offshore wells as on onshore wells. We have to know in advance how one unique set of equipment or another will operate. On the limited area of the platform, we have to use a strictly defined set of devices and machinery.

We can't forget other important tasks either. From the very beginning of production, we had to service the equipment on the platform, supply gas for operating the electrical generators, support the living of the workers, and treat the oil. As a rule, we had to return the water we brought up back into the producing reservoir, rather than discharging it into the sea. This required the drilling of additional gas-producing and water-absorbing wells. The drilling of these service wells slows down the rate at which new producing wells are put into operation.

Q: Is the idea of profitability the key factor in planning the development of the Caspian oil fields?

A: The cost of offshore production is considerably higher than that onshore, so our wells must have quite high yields in order for us to recover our expenditures. This is important. I have to say, though, that in the waters of the Caspian, along with pools of light crude, we've found fields containing substantial reserves, but the oil is going to be hard to get out. These are high-viscosity crudes, and the porous qualities of the formations aren't very good – their permeability is low. Right now, we're looking for effective production techniques to use in some of these fields.

Special work is being done to analyze the risks of using one set of developmental techniques or another. We're carefully and thoroughly analyzing the structure of the fields and their saturation with hydrocarbons.

Q: What are your immediate and long-term offshore plans?

A: Plans for the further work of the Institute's offshore developers involve those fields that have been discovered but for which we still haven't found effective methods of development. An intensive search for new techniques is going on all the time. We're sure that new fields will be found in other sectors of the Caspian as well. In brief, we still have a lot of work to do.

2. Make up the Participle II of the following regular verbs; classify them according to the type of pronunciation, translate the verbs into Russian:

to analyze, to complicate, to divide, to discharge, to recover, to open, to continue, to discover, to perform, to develop, to use, to produce, to regulate, to affect, to consider, to install, to operate, to define, to service, to supply, to treat, to rig, to require, to slow down, to involve.

3. Find the English equivalents in the text.

Выполнять исследовательскую работу; разрабатывать нефтегазовые месторождения; гидродинамическое моделирование пластов; увеличенная нефтедобыча; открытие нефтяного месторождения; совместное предприятие; залежи углеводородов; искать эффективные технологии; морское нефтяное месторождение; разведочно-эксплуатационная скважина; прогнозирование коллектора; продуктивная горизонтальная скважина; небольшая глубина; промышленный пласт; газовая шапка; влиять на работу скважины; морская скважина; морская скважина; комплект приспособлений и механизмов; поставлять газ; обрабатывать нефть; сливать воду; снижать скорость; вводить в эксплуатацию; высокий выход (продукта); покрывать издержки; существенные запасы; высоковязкая сырая нефть; пористый; проницаемость; насыщенность.

5. Form the nouns from the adjectives, using the suffix –ty, –tion. Use a dictionary if you need. Translate them.

e.g. mature - maturity (зрелый - зрелость)

porous, permeable, saturated, viscose.

5. Brush up your grammar skills!

“have to + V” используется как эквивалент глагола must, когда речь идет о совершении действия в силу определенных обстоятельств.

f.ex. I must do it now = I have to do it now.

Find some sentences with the structure “have to V” in the text and translate them into English.

6. Answer the questions.

1. What sort of work does the development department at the LUKOIL-VolgogradNIPImorneft Institute perform?

2. What does the uniqueness of the Caspian Sea waters consist of?

3. What can prevent the well from operating properly?

4. Which is the best way of treating the drilling equipment on offshore wells?

5. Why is offshore production a costly and complicated process?

6. What are the perspectives of the Caspian oil fields development?

7. After having taken an interview with Igor Fedotov you are to report to your immediate supervisor on oil production on the Caspian Sea shelf. Draw a plan of your report, and then make an oral presentation. Here are some expressions to be used in presentations.

Opening presentation

Welcome everyone. Я рад всех видеть.

Let’s start, shall we? Начнем, пожалуй.

I’d like to outline… Я бы хотел обрисовать в общих чертах…

Introducing information

First of all I’d like to tell you… Прежде всего, я хотел бы сказать…

As you know… Ка вы знаете…

If we take a look at… Если мы посмотрим на…

Let’s turn to… Давайте обратимся к…

Closing the presentation

I would like to finish by saying … В заключении я хотел бы сказать…

Let me sum up Подведем итоги

Thank you all for listening Благодарю за внимание

Text c problem solving

1. Read the text. In small groups, match these descriptions of oil platforms to the correct illustration. Be prepared to justify you answers.

1. Gravity or fixed platforms

Gravity or fixed platforms sit on the seabed. They often have a concrete base with three or four hollow columns acting as legs with a steel deck built on top. Used in water to 520 m. gravity rigs are often built in sheltered waters, then floated out to sea and sunk in position. The hollow legs and base can be used for storing oil. They cannot easily be moved when their useful life is over, so disposal can be a problem.

2. Jack-up

These platforms sit on steel legs. The legs can be lowered to raise the platform above the sea (like a car jack). They are used in shallow waters up to about 100 m. They are cheap, and are reusable, as they can be moved to other locations. However, there are towing problems with the rigs and their safety record is poorer than that of other types.

3. Semi-submersible

Semi-submersible platform stands on columns which sit on pontoons below the level of the sea. These provide enough lift to float the platform and enough weight to keep it upright. By altering the amount of water in the pontoons, the platforms can be moved up and down. They are used in water of 600 – 1800 m in depth. They are very stable, even in rough seas. They can be easily moved to new locations. They need more support vessels because they have limited storage.

4. Spar

Spars are floating platforms moored to the seabed. They come in three forms: a cell spar that has a body composed of a number of vertical columns, a conventional spar that has one column, and a truss spar which has a floating hard tank at the top linked to a soft tank at the bottom, which is weighted to provide stability to the structure. Spars are cheaper and more stable than tension leg platforms. They are suitable to depth up to 1800 m. They can be moved horizontally.

5. Tension leg

These are floating platforms where the mooring system prevents vertical movement. This means that the well can be tapped directly from the platform. They can be useful in depth of 200 – 1100 m. They are inexpensive to make compared with other platform types, and can be moved to new locations, but are less stable than fixed platforms.

2. Complete the table for each type of platform described above.

Text D

Improving Production Results in Monobore, Deepwater and Extended Reach Wells

1. Read the abstract of an article, pay attention to its structure.

Authors: Almond, Ken; Coull, Craig; Knowles, Peter; Smith, James; Smith, Michael V.; Mowbraw, Kyle Source: Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2002, p 1615-1629 Conference: Proceedings of the 2002 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Sep 29-Oct 2 2002, San Antonio, TX, United States Sponsor: SPE Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)

Keywords: Well Production, Petroleum Reservoirs, Well Completion, Fields, Turbulence, Packers, Flow Control, Well Drilling, Tubing, Pressure Effects.

Abstract: Big bore completions (i.e., those using 6-5/8-inches and larger production tubulars) are required for economical production and injection in prolific reservoirs. A variety of completion configurations exist, though only the most traditional schemes have been discussed. This paper will present the results of a study that analyzed and evaluated more than 350 large bore completions over a 20-year span to determine best practices. The study formed the basis for a new approach to well design that merges wellbore construction with the completion. The paper will discuss this approach, which includes a classification system to help operators choose the optimum design to match their completion objective. This paper will begin by reviewing the big monobore concept, discuss various enabling technologies and their opportunity to increase production while reducing costs, review configuration choices with case histories and conclude with a case history that illustrates how the big monobore concept is evolving in the world's largest gas field.

2. Read some tips and warnings about writing abstracts.

1. Embed keywords into the first 20 words of your abstract. This will make it visible to the major internet search engines if you publish online.

2. Emphasize the information, not the author, unless the author has noteworthy credentials.

3. Never introduce new information in the abstract. Reveal what’s in the article.

4. Read it aloud to yourself or to your friend. Make sure it sounds natural and coherent.

5. Keep it short-stick to one or two solid paragraphs.

3. Read the following article and try to write an abstract by analogy.

Beyond Conventional Oil and the Role of Technology

by Hasan M. Qabazard, Director, OPEC Research Division, Austria

The world is not running out of oil. In fact, OPEC shares the view of most analysts that for the foreseeable future energy supply will continue to rely primarily on fossil fuels, and that oil will remain the leading commercial energy source, accounting for close to 40% of energy demand over the next two decades.

The figures highlight that recoverable resources of conventional oil continue to grow, for example, from just 0.6 trillion barrels through the 1940s, rising to 2 trillion barrels in the 1960s and 1970s, up to the most recent assessment of 3.3 and 3.95 trillion barrels. These increased estimates are due to new discoveries, reserves growth in existing fields and basins, the availability of improved data, knowledge expansion and new management techniques and technological advancements.

In the past two decades in particular, advances in areas such as subsurface three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) imaging, drilling and offshore production have had a dramatic effect on upstream activity, leading to large discoveries, particularly in deep water. The application of these breakthrough upstream technologies has contributed to significant hydrocarbon resource additions, increased exploration success, improved economics and expanded access to new frontier areas.

This all leads directly to “looking beyond conventional”. During the oil price increases since 2003, alternative methods of producing oil gained importance. The most widely known alternatives involve extracting oil from sources such as oil shale or tar sands. These resources exist in large quantities; however, extracting the oil at low cost without excessively harming the environment remains a challenge.

In a similar way, technological advancements such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) with enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in conventional oil fields are also expected to increase the resource base. Given the importance of seeking ways to produce oil, this offers a “win-win” scenario by not only increasing oil reserves that can be accessed in mature fields but also storing carbon dioxide (CO²) and reducing emissions to the atmosphere. So, a key point is that technology continues to blur the distinction between conventional and unconventional oil.

It is also possible to chemically transform methane or coal into the various hydrocarbons found in oil. The best-known such method is the Fischer-Tropsch process. It was a concept pioneered during the 1920s in Germany to extract oil from coal and became central to Nazi Germany's war efforts when imports of petroleum were restricted due to war. However, the process was used only as a last resort as naturally occurring oil was much cheaper. As crude oil prices increase, the cost of coal to oil conversion becomes comparatively cheaper. The method involves converting high ash coal into synthetic oil in a multi-stage process.

An alternative method of converting coal into petroleum is the Karrick process, which was pioneered in the 1930s in the United States. It uses low temperatures in the absence of ambient air, to distill the short-chain hydrocarbons out of coal instead of petroleum.

Oil shale can also be used to produce oil, either through mining and processing, or in more modern methods, with in-situ thermal conversion.

Vocabulary

access – доступ

account for – давать отчет; объяснять; нести ответственность

accuracy – точность

add – добавлять

affect – влиять;

ambient – окружающий, внешний

annulus – затрубное пространство

application – применение, заявка

apply to – обращаться с просьбой

apply for a job – подавать заявление о приеме на работу

apply – применять

approach – приближаться, подходить, подход, метод;

approve – одобрять

artificial lift – механизированная добыча, насосно-компрессорная добыча;

asphaltite –асфальтит (асфальтоподобный природный материал);

assessment – оценивание

assistant driller – помощник бурильщика

attract – привлекать

availability – пригодность, наличие, присутствие

bailer –желонка (для чистки скважин)

barrel – баррель (мера вместимости: в Великобритании - 163,3 л)

bit (n) – буровое долото

blur – неясные очертания

boost – поддержка, рекламирование, повышение, подъём

breakthrough – прорыв

cap rock – покрывающая порода; покрывающий пласт;

capture – захват, задержание

case – обсаживать

casing pipe – обсадная труба

cavity – полость, пещера

challenge – трудная задача, вызов;

coiled – намотанный, свёрнутый в спираль

commissioning – ввод в эксплуатацию

complete a well – завершать, заканчивать (скважину);

comprehensive – всесторонний, полный, всеобъемлющий

concern – забота, задача;

concrete – бетон

confirm – подтверждать

consequence – последствие

considerable – значительный

consumption – потребление

contaminate – загрязнять, заражать

contribute – делать вклад

conventional – обычный, традиционный;

decade – десятилетие

demand – спрос

density – плотность;

deplete – истощать, исчерпывать;

deposit – залежь, месторождение

description – описание

deviate – отклонять (скважину)

disposal – размещение, расположение, руководство

domestic – домашний, внутренний; отечественный

driller – бурильщик

drilling rig – буровая вышка;

drilling superintendent – буровой мастер

emission – выброс

enclose – прилагать, вкладывать (в письмо)

enhance – увеличивать, возрастать

enquiry – вопрос; запрос

ensure – гарантировать, обеспечивать

envisage – обдумывать, представлять себе

escape – избежать, улетучиться, ускользнуть

eventually – в конце концов

exceed – превышать;

excessively – чрезмерно

exhaust – исчерпать, израсходовать полностью

expand – расширять(ся)

expenditures – расходы, издержки

exploratory well – разведочно-эксплуатационная скважина

extract – извлекать, добывать

feature – черта, особенность

field – месторождение, промысел

find out – обнаруживать

flexibility – гибкость

fluid – флюид (жидкость, газ, смесь жидкостей и газов)

force – заставлять

forecast – прогноз

foreseeable – предсказуемый, предвидимый

fossil fuel – ископаемое топливо

frame of mind – образ мышления

friction – трение

go on stream – входить в строй, в эксплуатацию

handle – управлять, обращаться

helicopter – вертолет

highlight – выделить, подчеркнуть

high-performance – высокоэффективный

hollow – пустой, полый

hydrocarbon – углеводород;

hydrodewaxing – гидродепарафинизация (выплавление восковой модели из оболочковой формы)

implement – осуществлять

in advance – заранее

in situ [in’sitju:] – на месте естественного залегания, на месте проведения работ.

increase – увеличивать(ся), возрастать

injury – повреждение, ущерб, рана;

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

jack-up drilling offshore unit – буровое самоподъёмное морское основание

jet pump – струйный насос; эжектор;

joint-venture – совместное предприятие

labourer – неквалифицированный рабочий

last resort – последнее средство; in the last resort – в крайнем случае

layer – слой, пласт

liquid – жидкость;

maintenance – поддержание, содержание и техническое обслуживание

manual – ручной, руководство, справочник

mature – зрелый, ставший выгодным, прибыльным

merger – слияние, объединение

molasse [mǝ’læs] – мягкая осадочная порода;

natural flow – фонтанирование, естественный поток;

obvious – очевидный

occur – встречаться, попадаться;

octane rating – октановое число

oil gusher – нефтяной фонтан

oil shale – нефтеносный сланец

overhaul – тщательно исследовать, капитально ремонтировать

percussion – ударный

permeable – проницаемый;

persistent – настойчивый, устойчивый, постоянный;

petroleum, syn. crude oil – сырая нефть

pollutant – загрязняющее вещество

porous – пористый;

pressure – давление

production capacity – производственная мощность

profuse – обильный, щедрый, чрезмерный

prolific – продуктивный

promote – выдвигать; продвигать; повышать в чине

proposal – предложение; план

pump – насос, подавать насосом, нагнетать;

pump – нагнетать насосом; прокачивать

pump jack – промысловый насос

quantity – количество

quotation – цитирование; цена; расценка

reach – достигать

recent – недавний

recoverable – восстанавливаемый; многократного использования

reduce – снижать, уменьшать

reduction-gear – редуктор; понижающая передача

refinery – нефтеперерабатывающий завод

reinforce – укреплять, усиливать

release – (зд.) отпускать, выпускать, освобождать;

reliable – надежный

remain – оставаться, остатки, останки;

remote – удаленный

remove – удалять, убирать

require – требовать

reservoir – пласт-коллектор; пластовый резервуар (нефти, газа)

reservoir rock – пластовая порода;

restrict – ограничивать

revolution – вращение, оборот

rig – буровая установка (включая вышку)

rock formation – формация (горные породы, связанные общностью образования)

rod-tool drilling – ударно-штанговое бурение

rotate – вращаться

roughneck – рабочий буровой бригады (обслуживающий двигатели, насосы, ключи)

roustabout – разнорабочий на нефтепромысле

run out – заканчиваться;

scatter – разбрасывать, размещать;

semisubmersible – полупогружной

share – доля, часть, акция; разделять, использовать совместно

sheltered – укрытый; защищённый

silica – кварц, кремнезём

single-stage – одностадийный, одноступенчатый

site – место установки буровой; площадка (для проведения работ)

source rock – нефтематеринская порода;

spar – шпат, штанга, перекладина

specification – подробное описание, технические условия

spill – проливать;

string – колонна (труб, штанг);

string – колонна (труб)

substantial – крепкий, прочный

sucker rod – насосная штанга;

suitable – подходящий, пригодный

sulphur – сера;

sunk, sink – погружаться, тонуть

supplant – вытеснить

supply – снабжать, поставлять

surface – поверхность

swab – сваб (поршень для вызова притока в скважину)

tap – вскрывать пласт, принимать нефтепродукты, ловильный колокол

tar sand – битуминозный песок

target – цель

thoroughly – тщательно

tow – буксировать

trestle – эстакада, козлы, подмости, леса

truss – ферма; рама, раскос

tubing string – колонна насосно-компрессорных труб.

underbalanced drilling –бурение с отрицательным дифференциальным давлением

upgrade – улучшать, модернизировать;

upstream – вверх (против) по течению

vehicle – транспортное средство

vessel – судно

visbreaking – лёгкий крекинг (понижающий вязкость нефтепродукта)

viscous – вязкий;

waste – тратить впустую, трата, отходы производства

wear out – изнашиваться, истираться

well (n) – скважина

win-win – беспроигрышный

workability – применимость; обрабатываемость, работоспособность

yield – прибыль, добыча, количество произведенного ресурса;

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