- •Meaning and creation of verbs
- •Verb creation
- •9. Insert the necessary phrasal verbs into the sentences.
- •Kinds and forms of verbs
- •The present indefinite
- •Usage The Present Indefinite is used to denote:
- •Exercises
- •Explain the use of the Present Indefinite forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •3. Ask your fellow-student:
- •4. (A) Say that somebody or something does the same. Give your reasons:
- •5. Open the brackets.
- •6. Open the brackets. Use the Present Indefinite.
- •7. Correct any possible errors in these sentences where necessary.
- •8. Translate into English.
- •1. In pairs ask and answer the following questions.
- •The present continuous
- •The Present Continuous is used to denote:
- •1. Explain the use of the Present Continuous forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •2.Say that somebody is doing it.
- •4. Ask your fellow-student:
- •5. Choose the correct variant.
- •6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Present Continuous or the Present Indefinite.
- •7. Read the following dialogue between a hotel owner and the receptionist. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous.
- •8. Open the brackets. Use either the Present Continuous or Present Indefinite.
- •9. Open the brackets. Use the Present Continuous or Present Indefinite.
- •10. Put the following verbs into the correct tense—either the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous.
- •11. Translate into English.
- •12. Translate into English. Use either the Present Continuous or Present Indefinite.
- •2. Answer the questions below using the Present Continuous tense. Refer to the diary below.
- •3.Say about what you usually do on Saturday mornings and what you are doing this Saturday morning. Start like this:
- •4.Write a postcard to an English speaking friend. Say what you do every day on holiday and what you are doing at the moment. The present perfect
- •Exercises
- •Explain the use of the Present Perfect forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •3. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense, and fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary.
- •Open the brackets. Use the Present Perfect.
- •6.2. Put in: since or for.
- •6.3. Put in: yet, recently, how long, never, since, just, so far, for, ever.
- •7. Combine the given phrases. Translate what is given in the right-hand column.
- •8. Translate into English. Use the Present Perfect.
- •1. Make up short dialogues using the Present Perfect and one of the prompts given.
- •The present perfect continuous
- •1.Explain the use of the Present Perfect Continuous forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2.Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •3. Transform into an interrogative form according to the model:
- •4.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •5.Put in: since or for.
- •6. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Continuous or the Present Perfect Simple.
- •7.Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Continuous or the Present Perfect Simple.
- •8.Translate into English. Use the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •9. Translate into English. Use either the Present Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect.
- •10. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •1.In pairs ask and answer questions using the prompts given as in the example.
- •Revision box (present tenses)
- •Use the verbs in one of the Present forms.
- •2. Translate into Russian.
- •4. Translate into English using the Present Continuous, the Present Indefinite or the Present Perfect:
- •1.Complete the sentences. Compare with your partner’s ones:
- •The past indefinite
- •The Past Indefinite is used to denote:
- •Complete actions or events which happened at a definite moment in the past: She called me an hour ago.
- •Exercises
- •Explain the use of the Past Indefinite forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2. Put the verbs in the following sentences into the Past Indefinite tense form
- •3. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •4. Ask your fellow-student:
- •5. Open the brackets. Use the appropriate form of the verb 'to be'.
- •6. Express contrasting past actions. Give your reason.
- •7. Respond to the following utterances:
- •8. Fill in:
- •9. Complete the sentences. Each sentence should have a form of used to. Add your own words.
- •10. Turn the following texts into the past.
- •11. Open the brackets. Use the Past Indefinite.
- •12. Open the brackets. Use either the Past Indefinite or Present Indefinite.
- •Identify and correct any possible errors in these sentences where necessary.
- •14. Translate into English. Use the Past Indefinite.
- •15. Translate into English. Use the Past Indefinite or the Present Indefinite.
- •16. Open the brackets. Use either the Past Indefinite or Present Perfect.
- •17. Translate into English. Use the Past Indefinite or the Present Perfect.
- •1.Answer the questions:
- •2. Talk about your country’s past (100 years ago), how was the past different from the present. The past continuous
- •The Past Indefinite is used to denote:
- •An action in progress at a definite moment or a definite period of time in the past: They were playing football at 5.30 yesterday.
- •Exercises
- •Explain the use of the Past Continuous forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •3.Say what you or other people were doing some time ago. Use the prompts.
- •4. Ask your fellow-student:
- •5. Here is a list of some things that Mary did yesterday (and the times at which she did them). Ask all types of questions about what Mary was doing at these times yesterday.
- •6. Combine the two sentences into one compound sentence each time saying that:
- •7. Complete these sentences using the Past Continuous or the Past Indefinite.
- •8. Open the brackets. Use either the Past Continuous or Past Indefinite.
- •9. Open the brackets. Use either the present forms (the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous) or the past forms (the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous).
- •10. Identify and correct any possible errors in these sentences where necessary.
- •11. Translate into English. Use either the Past Continuous or Past Indefinite.
- •1.Talk in pairs about accidents you had, while you were doing something else.
- •The past perfect
- •The Past Perfect is used to denote:
- •An action which happened before another past action or before a stated moment in the past: She had finished work when her friends came.
- •Exercises
- •Explain the use of the Past Perfect forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •3. Make up sentences using the words in brackets:
- •4. Join the sentences together.
- •5. Complete the following sentences:
- •6. Complete the sentences. Make use of the suggested Russian phrases.
- •7. Combine two sentences to make a compound one with the conjunctions hardly … when, scarcely … when, no sooner ... Than.
- •8. Put the verbs in brackets into the required tense form:
- •9. Complete the sentences. Supply the missing parts.
- •10. Complete the following sentences. Use either the Past Perfect or Past Indefinite.
- •11. Complete the sentences. Mind the use of the Past Perfect.
- •12. Complete the sentences. Use either the Past Perfect or Past Indefinite.
- •13. Complete the sentences. Use the Past Perfect or Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous.
- •14. Translate into English. Use either the Past Perfect or Past Indefinite.
- •15. Translate into English. Use the Past Perfect or the Past Indefinite.
- •1.Work in pairs and finish the last sentence of the paragraph.
- •The past perfect continuous
- •The Past Perfect Continuous is used to denote:
- •Exercises
- •Explain the use of the Past Perfect Continuous forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •Join the following sentences. Use the Past Perfect Continuous in the main clause according to the model:
- •Express the same idea. Use the Past Perfect Continuous according to the model.
- •Answer these questions. Give your reasons according to the model.
- •6. Ask questions about the starting point of the actions according to the model.
- •7. Complete the following sentences. Put in the Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs.
- •8. Use the Past Continuous or the Past Perfect Continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets:
- •10. Translate into English using the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •1.Make up dialogues about the things you had been doing before you entered the University. Revision box (past tenses)
- •1. Put the verbs into the necessary past tense form.
- •2. Translate into English using the Past Indefinite or Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.
- •Make up dialogues about your last trip. Try to use all the past tenses. The future indefinite
- •Explain the use of the Future Indefinite forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •3. Ask your fellow-student:
- •4. Put in when or if.
- •5. Use if, unless, when, till, until in these sentences. In some cases there are several possibilities.
- •6.Put the verbs into the Present Indefinite or the Future Indefinite.
- •7. Put in the correct verb form (the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous or the Future Indefinite).
- •8. Translate into English.
- •To Be Going To
- •9. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •10. Read the pairs of subjects and verbs below. Then write sentences about future events using the correct form of be going to.
- •12.Use either be going to or the Future Indefinite.
- •13. Use either the Future Indefinite, be going to, the Present Continuous.
- •14.Identify and correct any possible errors in these sentences where necessary.
- •15. Paraphrase these sentences. Use the verbs given.
- •2. Planning ahead
- •3.What are you going to do next holidays? Tell your partner.
- •4. Complete the sentences:
- •The future continuous
- •Exercises
- •1. Explain the use of the Future Continuous forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •3. Ask your fellow-student:
- •4. Put the verbs into the Future Continuous.
- •5. Choose the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous.
- •6. Put the following verbs into the Present Indefinite, the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous.
- •7. Identify and correct any possible errors in these sentences where necessary.
- •8. Translate from Russian into English. Use the Future Continuous.
- •1.Describe your tomorrow day. Begin with:
- •2. Act out the dialogue.
- •The future perfect
- •1. Explain the use of the Future Perfect forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2. Transform the sentences into negative and interrogative forms.
- •3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect.
- •5. Put the following verbs into the Present Indefinite, the Future Indefinite or the Future Perfect.
- •6. Put the verb into the Future Continuous or the Future Perfect.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •1. Read the situation and then respond to it. Use the verb in the Future Perfect in an affirmative and negative form, and by then. Expand your responses according to the model.
- •2. What do you think will have happened by the end of this century? Make up a story. Here are some ideas to help you.
- •The future perfect continuous
- •Exercises
- •1. Explain the use of the Future Perfect Continuous forms. Translate into Russian. Start like this:
- •2. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •3. Open the brackets. Use the Future Perfect Continuous.
- •4. Use the Future Perfect Continuous or the Future Perfect.
- •Revision box (future tenses)
- •Use the verbs either in the Future Simple, Future Continuous or Future Perfect.
- •Use one of the future tenses.
- •Put the following verbs into the correct future or present tense to express a future meaning.
- •Translate into English. Use the necessary future form.
- •1. Make up dialogues about your future summer holidays . Try to use all the future forms. Mixed bag
- •Put the verbs in brackets into the given tense forms.
- •2. Transform into a negative form.
- •3. Correct any possible errors in these sentences where necessary.
- •4. Put the verb into the necessary forms.
- •Simple Present / Present Continuous
- •Simple Past / Past Continuous
- •Will / Be Going to
- •Simple Future / Future Continuous
- •Simple Present / Simple Future/ Present Continuous / Future Continuous
- •7. Translate into English.
- •8.Translate these sentences.
- •9.Put the verbs into the necessary forms.
- •10.Choose the correct variant.
- •11. Use the necessary tense forms.
- •12. Use the correct tense forms.
- •13. Open the brackets. Use the proper tense forms.
- •14. Translate into English.
- •The passive voice
- •The Rules of Changing from Active into Passive
- •The Indefinite Tenses in the Passive Voice
- •1.Open the brackets. Use the Present Indefinite Passive.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences. Give two variants if possible.
- •3.Give negative answers to the following questions:
- •4. Ask general questions:
- •Ask special questions:
- •6.Make up sentences using the passive voice:
- •7.Translate into English. Use the Present Indefinite Passive.
- •8.Open the brackets. Use the Past Indefinite Passive
- •9. Answer the questions:
- •10.Transform the following sentences with two objects:
- •12. Fill in by or with.
- •13.Translate into English. Use the Past Indefinite Passive.
- •14.Open the brackets. Use the Future Indefinite Passive
- •15.Respond using the prompts:
- •Ask questions:
- •17.Translate into English. Use the Future Indefinite Passive.
- •18.Open the brackets. Use either the Present or Future Indefinite Passive.
- •19.Translate into English. Use the Present, Past, Future Indefinite Passive.
- •1. Read this story and retell it in pairs to each other using the Passive Voice forms. Make up the end of this story.
- •The Continuous Tenses in the Passive Voice
- •1.Open the brackets. Use the Present Continuous Passive.
- •2.Respond to the following:
- •3.Translate into English. Use the Present Continuous Passive.
- •4.Open the brackets. Use the Past Continuous Passive.
- •5.Transform the sentences using the Passive Voice:
- •6.Complete the situations:
- •7.Make complex sentences:
- •8.Translate into English. Use the Past Continuous Passive.
- •9.Translate into English. Use either the Present or Past Continuous Passive.
- •The Perfect Tenses in the Passive Voice
- •1.Open the brackets. Use the Present Perfect Passive.
- •2.Respond to the following:
- •3.Ask if the following actions have really taken place:
- •4.Translate into English. Use the Present Perfect Passive.
- •5.Open the brackets. Use the Past Perfect Passive.
- •6.Respond to the following using the prompts:
- •7.Make up sentences using the prompts:
- •8.Translate into English. Use the Past Perfect Passive.
- •9. Open the brackets. Use the Future Perfect Passive.
- •10.Change the sentences into the Future Perfect Passive:
- •11.Translate into English. Use the Past Perfect Passive.
- •Revision box (the passive voice)
- •1.Open the brackets. Use the necessary tense form in the Passive Voice.
- •2.Open the brackets. Use the necessary tense form in the Active or Passive Voice.
- •3.Translate into English. Use the necessary tense form in the Passive Voice.
- •1.(A) Change the structure of the following sentences so as to begin them with a person.
- •1.(B) Use two passive constructions where possible
- •2.Translate into English. Use the Passive Voice where appropriate
- •Passive Voice/Causative Form (have somethingdone)
- •1.Make up dialogues in pairs about the problems you have now. Try to use the verbs in the Active and Passive Voice. Sequence of tenses
- •Exercises
- •1.Write the following sentences in the past. Mind the rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •2.Open the brackets and choose the necessary tense form.
- •3.Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
- •4.Translate the following sentences into English. Mind the rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •Reported Speech
- •Reported statements
- •Exercises
- •1.Put in tell or say.
- •2.Change the following sentences into Reported Speech. Comment on the use of tense forms. Start like this:
- •2.Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.
- •3.Translate the following sentences into English
- •Reported questions
- •Exercises
- •1.Rewrite each of these questions in Reported Speech. Start with the words given, and make any additions you need.
- •2.Turn the questions into Reported Speech.
- •3.Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Commands. Requests. Instructions.
- •Exercises
- •1.Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.
- •2.Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Revision box (reported speech)
- •1. Change into Reported Speech
- •2.Translate into English.
- •1. Report what the family said at the dinner table:
- •2. Report what the policeman always wants to know?
Meaning and creation of verbs
Verbs are words that express a physical or mental action (This machine cleans carpets. She hopes for the best) or a state of being (She is a student).
Without a verb, it is usually impossible to make a sentence in English. On the other hand, a sentence can be made of only one word if it is a verb: Read!
Verb creation
Verbs can be simple (read, run), derived (reread, intensify) or phrasal (sit down, give up).
1. Simple verbs (get, go, come, take, give, etc.) make up the core of the English verbal system: most of them are native and most frequently used words.
Some of these verbs are differentiated from nouns or adjectives by means of a sound alteration in the root. The change may affect the root vowel (food n– feed v), root consonant (speech n – speak v), or both (life n – live v).
Some simple verbs borrowed from French have the stress on the second syllable while their nouns are already forestressed: to re´cord (v) – a ´record (n), to pre´sent (v) – a ´present (n).
2. Derived verbs make up the majority of the English verbal system.
Derivation of verbs is mostly done
a) by prefixes:
re- (‘to repeat an action’): to reread, to reconsider;
under- (‘to do too little’): to underestimate, to undercook;
over-(‘to do too much’): to overestimate, to overcook;
un- (‘to act contrary to that of the simple stem’): to unload, to uncover;
dis- (‘to negate the action’): to disconnect, to disagree;
de- (‘to do the opposite’, ‘to undo the action’) – used in many neologisms: to demobilize, to devalue, to deactivate;
mis- (‘to act wrongly, badly’): to misunderstand, to miscalculate;
en- (‘to bring into a certain condition or a state’): to enrich, to enable
b) by suffixes:
-fy/-ify: to falsify, to purify;
-en: to widen, to shorten;
-ize, -ise: to cryslalize, to patronise;
A phrasal verb is a multi-word verb consisting of a verb followed by one or more particles and having a meaning larger than the meaning of each of its part (drink up 'выпить до дна', put up with 'примириться').
Some phrasal verbs are used in sentences without a direct object: You have to stay up late tonight.
Some phrasal verbs may be followed by a noun or pronoun: He looked after the baby. He looked after him.
Some verbs in phrasal constructions may be followed by a noun or pronoun and then by a particle: He answered John back. He answered him back.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Read and translate into Russian the following pairs of words.
Fill (v) – full (adj); feed (v) – food (n); strike (v) – stroke (n); ride (v) – rode (n); knit (v) – knot (n); bleed (v) – blood (n); bit (v) – bite (n); sing (v) – song (n); tell (v) – tale (n).
2. Read the set words and learn them.
Bath (n) – bathe (v); belief (n) – believe (v); advice (n) – advise (v); cloth (n) – clothe (v); glass (n) – glaze (v); life (n) – live (v); half (n) – halve (v); loss (n) – lose (v); proof (n) – prove (v); serf (n) – serve (v); shelf (n) – shelve (v); close (adj) – close (v), choice (n) – choose (v), use (n) – use (v).
3. Read each of the following words first as a verb and then as a noun (or adjective). What rule do the pairs follow? Check the pronunciation in a dictionary. Translate the words into Russian and learn them.
Model: to con´vert - обращать, превращать, конвертировать, a ´convert - новообращенный
Abstract, contest, contract, contrast, convict, transport, increase, protest, progress, import, export, produce, rebel, record, survey, conflict, frequent, perfect, present, impress, permit, object, conduct.
4. Derive new verbs from the following verbs, adjectives and nouns by means of prefixes re-, un-, dis-, under-, over-, de-, pre-, post-, mis-, en-, be-.
Model: cover – uncover, feed – overfeed, rich – enrich
Agree, arrange, centralize, view, nourish, calculate, contaminate, pronounce, appear, appoint, cook, write, pay, understand, large, graduate, behave, bed, able, act, inform, consider, read, simplify, stay, turn, moralize, work.
5. Derive new verbs from the following adjectives and nouns by means of suffixes -fy/-ify, -en, -ize, -ise.
Model: crystal – crystallize, black – blacken, false -- falsify
Sharp, false, sympathy, character, patron, intense, pure, strength, short, formal, private, broad, simple.
6. Translate the following phrasal verbs into Russian and learn them.
back up, beat up, blow up, brush up, call up, catch up, clear up, come up, dress up, get up,
mix up, speak up, stay up, sum up, turn up, give up, hold up, make up, take off, get on, hold on, put on, try on, give up, hang up, look up, wake up, wash up, set up.
7. Match the phrasal verbs with their corresponding synonyms.
1. put off a. cancel
2. call off b. switch off
3. look up c. postponeЁ
4. go off d. continue
5. carry on e. explode
6. turn off f. check
8 .Match the words in the first column with their corresponding synonyms in the second column.
A B
_____ get over 1) recollect
_____ put off 2) cancel
_____ call off 3) recover
_____ hold on 4) postpone
_____ come across 5) continue
_____ look back on 6) wait
_____ carry on 7) admire
_____ take place 8) happen
_____ look up to 9) find