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Volodymyr the Great

Volodymyr the Great, born ca 95G, died 15 July 1015 in Vyshhorod, near Kyiv. Grand prince of Kyiv from 980; son of Sviatoslav I Ihorevych and Malusha and father of 11 princes by five wives, including Sviatopolk I, Yaroslav the Wise, Mstyslav Volodymyrovych, and Saints Borys and Hlib Volodyniyrovych. In 969 Grand Prince Sviatoslav I named his son Volodymyr the prince of Novgorod. In 977 a struggle for power broke out among Sviatoslav's sons. Yaropolk I forced Volodymyr to flee to Scandinavia. In 980 Volodymyr returned to Rus, and expelled Yaropolk from Novgorod. Later that year he captured Kyiv and had Yaropolk murdered, thereby becoming the grand prince, and married Yaropolk's Greek widow.

Over the next 35 years Volodymyr expanded the borders of Kyiv Rus and turned it into one of the most powerful states in Eastern Europe. He united the East Slavic tribes, divided his realm into lands, and installed his sons or viceroy's to govern them, and collect tribute. In 983 Volodymyr waged war against the Yatvingians and thereby gained access to the Baltic Sea. In 985 he defeated the Khazars and Volga Bulgars and secured his state's eastern frontier. He had lines of fortifications built along the Irpin, the Stuhna, the Trubizh, and the Sula rivers and founded fort і I'ied towns (e.g. Yasyliv, Vom, and Bilhorod) that were joined by eastern ramparts.

Volodymyr attributed his victory over Yaropolk to the support he received from pagan forces, and had idols of the deities І'епш. Khors, Dazhboh, Stryboh, Simarhl, and Mokosh erected on a me overlooking his palace in Kyiv. Later he became convinced that a monotheistic religion would consolidate his power, as Christianity and Islam had done for neighboring rulers. His choice was determined after the Byzantine emperor Basil II turned to him for help in defeating his rival, Bardas Phocas. Volodymyr offered military aid only if he was allowed to marry Basil's sister, Anna, and Basil agreed to the marriage only after Volodymyr promised to convert himself and his subjects to Christianity. Volodymyr, his family, and his closest associates were baptized in December 987, when he took the Christian name Vasylii (Basil). Soon afterward he ordered the destruction of all pagan idols. The mass baptism of the citizens of Kyiv took place on August 988 and the remaining population of Rus was slowly converted, sometimes by force. In 988 Volodymyr sent several thousand warriors to help Basil regain power and married Anna.

The Christianization of Rus was essentially engineered by Byzantium. Byzantium supplied the first hierarchs and other clergy in Rus and introduced Byzantine art, education, and literature there. During Volodymyr's reign the first schools and churches were built, notably the Church of the Tithes in Kyiv. The adoption of Christianity as the official religion facilitated the unification of the Rus tribes and establishment of foreign dynastic, political, cultural, religious, and commercial relations, particularly with the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Germany.

After Anna's death in 1011, Volodymyr married the daughter of Count Kuno von Enningen. Toward the end of his life his sons Sviatopolk of Turiv and Yaroslav of Novgorod challenged his rule. Having defeated Sviatopolk, Volodymyr died while preparing a campaign against Yaroslav and was buried in the Church of the Tithes. He was succeeded briefly by Sviatopolk.

The Rus clergy venerated Volodymyr because of his support of the church, but he was canonized only after 1240. Thereafter he was referred to as 'the holy, equal to the Apostles, grand prince of Kyiv.'

Religion and Church

The history of religion in Ukraine is traced back many a century. Ancient people worshipped forces of elements and ancestors’ ghosts. Gods like Yarylo, Dazhboh and Perun personified the might of heavens, on earth people were surrounded by evil spirits. But all people were protected by Mother Goddess Berehynia.

With the development of the state system there emerged the need in a different religion. Beginning in 988, prompted by political considerations, Grand Prince Volodymyr resolutely imposed Christianity in Kyiv Rus. In the 11^th c. Christianity became the dominant religion, although pagan beliefs persisted in the provinces for some time. In Kyiv, Volodymyr built the church of the Tithe, St. Basil’s Church, the Church of our Savior in Berestove. The glorious St. Sophia’s Cathedral (1037) is rich in mosaic and fresco decorations and icons which were revered by the faithful. With time icons appeared in people’s homes and were treated as the most clierished family procession.

Churches were not only places of prayer but also venues of public, business and educational activities.

Alongside parish churches appeared monasteries and convents. The first was the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra Monastery of the Caves (second half of the 11^th c.)

In the 12^th c. church life and traditions were clearly formed. It was also then that the first differences with Rome were defined, primarily because the Holy See insisted that the divine services be celebrated in Latin. However, the Greek Orthodox East was closer to the religious spirit of the Ukrainian people, the more so that Constantinople didn’t mind Church Slavonic, which was easily understood by the common folk.

Meanwhile, Moscow was gaining strength along with Novgorod and Vladimir.

In the 14^th c. the territory of the Kyiv See was split between Lithuania, Poland and Moscow. In 1458 there appeared two sees – that of Kyiv and the Moscow See. The Galician diocese existed separately.

A Church Council called in 1596 in Brest meant to unite the Orthodox and the Catholic Church. Despite strong protests from the Orthodox side, the Church Union of Brest was endorsed. However, instead of a union between two Churches, there appeared a triple alliance: the Catholic, the Orthodox and the Unite Church.

In the 18^th c. the Kyiv Diocese underwent considerable changes. Gradually, the Ukrainian Church lost its beneficial influence on the country’s cultural life. Still, there was the Theological Academy in Kyiv, and 10 seminaries. There were attempts to deliver sermons in Ukrainian and to translate gospels into Ukrainian. P. Kulish translated the Bible in 1870. In 1908 the Holy Synod published the Ukrainian Gospels. The exponents of total Ukrainization founded a separate Autocephalous Orthodox Church.

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