Завдання № 1

Read and translate orally the chapters of the book on Ukraine: “Struggling for independence”, “Independence”. Write out the meanings of the following words from the dictionary and memorize them:

to reduce

to witness

to punish

to seize

to resigne

to slacken

to aim

stealth

revolt

rebellion

peasant

serfdom

revival

circumstance

outburst

awareness

shield

genuine

strenuous

rectangular

Завдання № 2

Match the years with the events, as shown below, and translate each sentence in a written form:

1845 – Mykola Kostomarov, Mykola Hulak and Vasil Bilozersky founded the Brotherhood of Sts. Cyril and Methodius.

1654 –

1775 –

1991 –

1992 –

1994 –

Завдання № 3

Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple, Present Perfect or Past Perfect (Active or Passive):

1. Ukraine (to give) extensive autonomy by 1655.

2. The General Secretariat (to head) by V. Vynnychenko.

3. New state, Ukraine, (to appear) on the world political map.

4. Ukrainian intellectual communities (to begin) to appear by the revolution of 1917.

5. Ukrainian people (to elect) L. Kuchma as a President of Ukraine in 1994.

Завдання № 4

Answer the following questions on the text:

1. Who were the leaders of the national liberation movement in the 18th-19th centuries?

2. When was the Brotherhood of Sts. Cyril and Methodius founded?

3. When was the Central Rada formed?

4. Who was elected Chairman of the Central Rada?

5. When was Ukraine’s independence proclaimed for the first time?

6. When were the Ukrainian National Republic and Western People’s Republic united?

7. What documents did the Verkhovna Rada pass on June, 16, 1990?

8. When did Ukraine, a new state, appear on the world political map?

9. What are the three branches of authority in Ukraine?

10. When is Independence Day celebrated in Ukraine?

Завдання № 5

Translate in written form marked in the text passages:

Independence

Beginning in the mid-1950s, outbursts of political protest against the totalitarian system gained momentum in Ukraine. An increasing number of illegal samizdat (samvydav) literature was published, and several dissident organizations and groups appeared. A deep crisis enveloped all walks of life in the 1970s-1980s. At the same time Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost served to slacken the wave of purges. In 1988 the Ukrainian Helsinki Union was organized. In 1989 the Rukh National Movement for Perestroпka in Ukraine was formed (since 1990 known as the Narodny Rukh of Ukraine).

On June 16, 1990 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine. On August 24, 1991the Ukrainian Parliament solemnly proclaimed Ukraine, independence and the formation of the independent state of Ukraine proceeding from the right to self-determination, provided by the UN Charter and other international documents.

On December 1, 1991, a referendum took place in Ukraine, involving 81.18 percent of citizens, of which number 90.35 percent seconded the Independence Act of August 24.

Winning 61.6 percent of the votes, L.Kravchuk was elected President of Ukraine. The nation supported L.Kravchuk's program aimed at the construction of a New Ukraine with a strong state system, genuine democracy, material well-being, elevated spiritual awareness.

In 1994 L.Kuchma won the Presidential elections and became the new President of Ukraine.

A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. It is a democratic state, ruled by the law. It includes 24 administrative regions and the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea.

State power in Ukraine is based on the division of authority into legislative, executive and judicial. The President is the highest official of the Ukrainian state, vested with supreme executive authority. He exercises it through the Government, the Cabinet of Ministers which is accountable to him, and through a system of central and local organs of state executive authority.

The Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine is the sole legislative authority.

Judicial power in Ukraine is vested in the courts of law. The courts are independent and in all their activities abide only by the rules of law.

The National Emblem of Ukraine is a Golden Tryzub (trident) on a blue shield. The National flag of Ukraine is a rectangular cloth with two horizontal stripes of equal width, the upper colored blue and the lower golden yellow. The National Anthem has been performed since January 1992 (music by M.M.Verbytsky).

The National Holiday, Independence Day, is celebrated on August 24.

Ukraine is making strenuous efforts to create an effective economic system, along with advancing the institutions of democracy, and raising the country's prestige in the international arena.

By voluntarily rejecting its recent status as the world's third nuclear power, Ukraine took the first historic step toward a nuclear-free, peaceful future, bringing mankind closer to the long-cherished goal, total nuclear disarmament.

Struggling for Independence

Though Ukraine was given extensive autonomy in 1654 it was gradually reduced by czarist ukases. The final blow was dealt by Empress Catherine II. In 1775 Russian troops approached the Zaporizhian Sich, took it by stealth and ruined it.

The 18th century was marked by the spreading of the national liberation movement. It witnessed the Haidamak Revolt and Koliyivshchyna rebellion, led by Zaporizhian Cossack Maksym Zaliznyak and Cossack Sotnyk Ivan Honta. The first half of the 19th century was marked by peasant revolts against serfdom. Among their leaders was the legendary Ustym Karmalyuk. In 1813 he headed a peasant movement in Podillya which spread to Kyiv province and Bessarabia.

In 1845 Mykola Kostomarov, a young scholar, Mykola Hulak, a government clerk, and Vasyl Bilozersky, a learned ethnographer and pedagogue, founded the Brotherhood of Sts. Cyril and Methodius. Its program was based on the idea of Ukraine's national liberation and the formation of a federation of Slavic states. In 1847 all its members were arrested and punished severely.

The liberal stand of the Russian government in 1850s led to the revival of the Ukrainian national idea. Ukrainian intellectual communities began to appear which conducted national cultural and public political work, up until the revolution of 1917.

In Halychyna, the awakening of the national spirit was largely due to the activities of the Ruska Tryitsya (The Ruthenian Triad) — Markiyan Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatsky and Ivan Vahylevich.

The February Revolution in Russia served as a powerful catalyst for the national movement in Ukraine. In March 4, 1917, on the initiative of the Society of Ukrainian Progressives, the Tsentralna Rada (Central Council) was formed in Kyiv as a representative body of Ukrainian democratic forces. Mykhailo Hrushevsky was elected its Chairman. On June 10 (23), 1917, the Central Rada proclaimed Ukraine's autonomy within Russia. On July 3 (16) the General Secretariat — government — was formed headed by V. Vynnychenko. Finally, on November 7 (20), the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) was proclaimed. This marked the beginning of an undeclared war between Ukraine and Soviet Russia which lasted till the end of November 1921.

On December 12 (25), 1917, the All-Ukrainian Congress оf Soviets in Kharkiv proclaimed Ukraine a Soviet republic and formed the first Soviet administration consisting largely of bolsheviks. It was in these circumstances that-the Central Rada proclaimed Ukraine's independence on January 9 (22), 1918. But the bolshevik troops seized Kyiv and occupied Left-Bank Ukraine.

Meanwhile, on October 18, 1918, the Ukrainian National Rada was set up in Lviv. Ukrainian troops took power in Lviv on November 13, the Western Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed. On January 22, 1919, the ceremony of uniting UNR and WURR took place in Kyiv.

The UNR troops could not hold back the Red Army's offensive and on February 5, 1919 they had to leave Kyiv. Vynnychenko resigned. His post went to Supreme Otaman Simon Petlyura (1879-1926).

ВАРІАНТ № 17