Завдання № 1

Read and translate orally the chapters of the book on Ukraine: “Economic Areas”, “Transport”, “Economic Reforms”. Write out the meanings of the following words from the dictionary and memorize them:

to ally

to relate

to ensure

to accomplish

to estimate

supply

consumer

bias

output

acid

due

proximity

abundance

freight

vessel

craft

conveyance

dairy

ferrous

convenient

Завдання № 2

Match the numerals with the categories they go with, as shown below, and translate each sentence in a written form:

27 billion – The foreign trade turnover reaches $27 billion.

3 –

80 –

137 –

2milliard –

4,2 milliard –

Завдання № 3

Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple, Present Perfect or Past Perfect (Active or Passive):

1. A high population density, a dense network of roads and railways (to place) the Southwestern Economic Area in a favourable position with supplies of metals and fuel for its machine-building plants and the shipping of products to consumers.

2. Last century buses turned out by the Lviv plant (to win) great popularity.

3. We are told that air transport (to become) one of the principal means of passenger and mail conveyance.

Завдання № 4

Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What are the three economic areas of Ukraine?

2. Which of them has a high population density?

3. What industries hold the top positions in the Southwestern Economic Area?

4. What industries is the Donets-Dnieper Economic Area known for?

5. What is the key sector of the Southwestern Economic Area’s industry?

6. How long is the railway of Ukraine?

7. What is the principal form of passenger transport within Ukraine?

8. What are the largest ports in the country?

9. What potential does Ukraine have to develop its economy?

10. What aim had reforms started in the national economy after the proclamation of independence in Ukraine?

Завдання № 5

Translate in written form marked in the text passages:

Economic Areas

Ukraine can be divided into three economic areas: Southwestern, Donets-Dnieper and Southern.

The Southwestern Economic Area has a high population density, a dense network of roads and railways. This places the area in a favourable position with supplies of metals and fuel for its machine-building plants and the shipping of products to consumers. The largest reserves of minerals and the valuable wood of the Carpathian forests are used in the chemical, gas, mining, timber, and paper and porcelain industries.

Local agriculture forms the basis of the food industry. The top position is held by the sugar industry. The area is widely known for its grain-milling industry and produces vast amounts of butter, cheese, meat, fruit and vegetables. A high degree of development has been achieved in the meat and dairy industry.

The engineering industry produces test instruments, machine tools and electrical engineering equipment. Buses turned out by the Lviv plant have won great popularity. The area also produces river craft, trams, motorcycles, radio instrumentation, television sets and cameras.

In the Carpathian zone the timber, furniture and paper industries have developed substantially.

The Donets-Dnieper Economic Area has rich mineral deposits. It has major industrial base with bias towards heavy industry. A large industrial output is yielded by the mining, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and machine-building industries. The Donets Basin contains a cluster of plants producing zinc, mercury, fertilizers, plastics, soda, acids and dyes. The development of the coke and chemical industry is closely allied to the metallurgical and coal industry. The area has the greatest concentration of thermal and hydroelectric power stations in Ukraine.

Alongside with the high level of industrialization, the area is one of the main food suppliers for the country. The Donbas produces vegetable oil, meat and milk products, sugar and butter.

The proximity of the Southern Economic Area to the sea is reflected in its industry, with shipbuilding its key sector. Local factories produce machinery for the power industry, tractors and harvesters.

The chemical industry is related to the sea, with its abundance of algae and saline deposits in lagoons and lakes. Fishing and canning industries in the seaside cities are developing. The food industry is allied with the cultivation of grapes, fruit and vegetables. Southern Ukraine is a large producer of grape wines, canned fruit and vegetables. The area, especially the Crimea, is a holiday playground.

Transport

The greatest role in movement of freight and passengers is played by rail transport. The railway network has some 22,000 km of track. Railways crossing Ukraine ensure communication with many countries of Europe. The largest railway junctions are Kyiv, Kharkov, Lviv, Dniprpopetrovsk, Zaporizhia.

Road transport is important over short distances. Buses are one of the principal forms of passenger transport within the provinces.

Sea transport plays an important part in Ukraine's economy. The Black Sea and Azov fleets consist of large-draught freight vessels. Odessa is the main Black Sea port. Mykolayiv, Kherson, Mariupol are also large ports of Ukraine. The ports of Ukraine ensure trade contacts with over 80 countries.

River transport works closely with rail and sea transport. The overall length of navigable rivers in Ukraine is close to 5,000 km.

Air transport has become one of the principal means of passenger and mail conveyance. Ukraine has many airports, the largest being in Kyiv, Lviv, Simferopol, Donetsk, Kharkiv.

Economic Reforms in Ukraine

Two interrelated processes are characteristic of Ukraine's economy today, namely its assertion as that of an independent state, and its transformation from planned-centralized to market-controlled. These processes are rather complicated, but there are all prerequisite.-for their effective accomplishment.

Present-day independent Ukraine has a considerable potential to quickly develop its economy – and this is explained not only by the favourable natural conditions, but also by the convenient geographical position in terms of international trade exchanges.

In the Donbas the coal deposits are estimated at 2,000,000,000 tons. Some 4.2 billion of hydrogenous (brown) coal are to be found in the Dnieper Basin. Ukraine's iron and manganese ores are considered the richest in the world — primarily in the Kryvyi Rih Basin (up to 62%) and the Nikopol Basin.

Ukraine provides one-tenth of the planet's cast iron, one-eleventh of steel, and one-twelfth of pit coal. Ukraine's enterprises conduct business transactions with partners in 137 countries, and the foreign trade turnover reaches $27 billion (export — $12.9 billion; import — $14.1 billion). Major export items: metals, ores, coal, electricity, fertilizer, soda, cement, glass, construction materials, equipment, sugar, vegetable oil. Major import items: oil, gas, timber, nonferrous metals, cars, machines, knitted wear and garments, foodstuffs, medications.

Reforms, started in the national economy after the proclamation of independence, aimed at the establishment of an open market type structure, e.g. incorporating and privatizing enterprises, demonopolizing and restructuring the economy, liberalizing prices and foreign trade activities, denationalizing domestic trade and implementing banking reforms, restructuring the agrarian sector, switching from planned to market economic regulators, simultaneously replacing bureaucratic structures. Reforms in the sphere of property continue, aiding the development of the nongovernmental sector.

Today's industries are unable to satisfy the consumers' wants, because they are not integrated into the world process of economic, technological and scientific progress. Characteristically, the national industries show low standard in processing raw materials; outdated and worn-out production equipment; unwillingness to accept progressive techniques and approaches, and lack of innovating initiative. These and other problems are to be solved in the course of new economic reforms aimed at creating an open, effective market type economy.

ВАРІАНТ № 15