37. Прочтите текст d, переведите его и ответьте по-русски на следующие вопросы

1) О чём этот текст?

2) Сколько лет вагранке?

3) Почему она получила широкое применение?

4) Где была построена самая большая вагранка?

5) Какова её производительность?

6) Что нового вы узнали из этого текста?

Text D

Although nowadays we may produce cast iron by melting it with electricity, cupola is the most widely used furnace for this purpose.

The first cupola in Russia was built by Batashev in 1774. Because of its simple construction and high productivity cupola began to be widely used in foundry. There are some thousands of cupolas in all foundries of the USSR.

The construction of cupolas is steadily (постоянно) developed. Both cupolas of old those of modern construction are used at present in foundries. Some of them are fully automated and meet the necessary requirements (удовлетворять требованиям).

The cupolas may produce from some kilograms to 20-30 tons of cast iron per hour. The biggest cupola in the world, built in 1972, in the USA, can produce 100 tons of cast iron per hour.

38. Пользуясь следующим вопросами, перескажите по-английски содержание текста d

1) When and by whom was the first Russian cupola built?

2) Are there many cupolas at present in our country?

3) What constructions of cupolas are used today in the foundry?

4) How much cast iron per hour can cupolas produce?

5) How much cast iron can the biggest cupola in the world produce?

6) When and where was it built?

Part II metal molding. Sand molding

1. Прочтите и запомните новые слова и примеры с ними

hollow – полый, пустой; полость, пустота

f.e. Sometimes it is necessary to make a hollow in the casting.

The two parts of metal mold are hollow.

to join – соединяться, присоединять

f.e. Before pouring the metal two halves of the mold must be joined.

To join is to make two parts together.

inside – 1) внутренняя часть, сторона; 2) внутри, внутрь; 3) с внутренней стороны

f.e. Molten metal solidifies inside the mold.

f.e. The inside of the mold has the shape of a casting.

to cover – покрывать

f.e. Before pouring the metal into a metal mold it is covered with carbon.

f.e. We must cover the inside of the metal mold with a carbon.

to stick – прилипать, приставать, приклеиваться

f.e. Casting must not stick to the inside of the mold.

core – литейный стержень

f.e. Cores are used to make hollows in the castings.

f.e. Cores may be made of sand or metal.

to employ – применять, использовать

f.e. Metal molds are employed for many purposes.

f.e. Cores are employed for forming a hollow.

permanent mold – постоянная форма

f.e. Permanent mold is a metal mold.

size – размер, величина

f.e. There are ladles of different sizes.

medium – средний

f.e. Permanent molds are used for producing casting of small and medium size.

to withstand – выдерживать, противостоять

f.e. Permanent molds must withstand high temperature.

cost – стоимость, цена

f.e. It is important to produce castings at a lower cost.

f.e. The cost of metal molds is rather high.

suitable – соответствующий, годный, подходящий

f.e. Suitable molds must be used for pouring the metal.

to remove – удалять, извлекать, вынимать

f.e. Casting must be removed from the mold when they cooled.

expensive – дорогой

f.e. Metal molds are more expensive than sand molds.

pattern – образец, модель (для литья), литейная модель

f.e. Patterns may be of different size and shapes.

to alloy – легировать, сплавлять (металлы), добавлять примесь к металлу

f.e. To alloy metals is necessary to get better properties of cast metals. Alloying metals is a very important operation in foundry.

alloy – сплав (металлов), примесь, присадка

to clean – очищать, зачищать

clean – чистый

f.e. Casting are cleaned by different methods.

clay – глина

f.e. Clay is a molding material in foundry.

to mix – смешивать, перемешивать

mixture – смесь

f.e. To make an alloy some elements must be mixed.

f.e. Molding sand is a mixture of different materials.

smooth – ровный, гладкий

f.e. The inside of the mold must be smooth.

f.e. Cleaning the casting makes it smooth.

сoarse – грубый, шероховатый; крупный, крупнозернистый

f.e. Coarse surface of the casting is usually cleaned.

Coarse sand makes the casting less smooth.

fine – мелкий, мелкозернистый

f.e. Fine sand makes the surface of the casting smooth.

amount – количество, объём

f.e. Large amount of castings can be produced in metal molds.

work – 1) работа; 2) обработка; 3) обрабатываемая заготовка (деталь, изделие)

f.e. A sand mold must be used for producing a large work.

porosity – пористость

porous – пористый

pore – пора, отверстие

f.e. Coarse sand is more porous than fine sand.

f.e. The porosity of the molding material is a very important factor.

to contain – содержать (в себе), вмещать

content – объём, содержание

f.e. The molding sand contains some different materials.

f.e. Alloys contain some elements. The content of clay in the molding sand makes it strong.

certain – определённый, некоторый, известный

f.e. Molds must be of certain size. Patterns must have certain shape.