10. Прочтите внимательно текст а, переведите его и ответьте по-русски на следующие вопросы

a) Что нового вы узнали об истории литья?

b) Из какого материала изготавливались раньше литейные формы?

c) Какой литейный метод является наиболее важным?

d) Какой металл является самым экономичным для литья?

Text A

Casting is the process of making metal objects. Foundry practice has been known for many centuries. The first melting and casting of metal is mentioned about 6000 years ago. Copper was the first metal to be cast. Many of the earliest molds were made of stone and were, therefore, of simple shape. The people produced simple agricultural instruments and similar castings.

The foundry industry has developed greatly since that time. As a result of new developments in metals and in casting processes, casting still takes an important place among manufacturing processes. For example, some parts that were earlier forged (ковать), are now cast since casting is more economical and the quality of cast components is as that of the forged ones.

Numerous methods have been developed for producing metal castings. At present the most important method of producing castings is sand casting. The sand casting may be divided into four divisions depending upon the metals, which are cast: grey cast iron, steel, malleable cast iron and nonferrous metals.

Iron-founding was one of the earliest methods of working iron into the required shape. It is the cheapest. The principal metals used for castings are iron and steel, brass and copper alloys, aluminium and magnesium alloys.

11. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту

a) How old is the foundry practice?

b) Why were the earliest molds of simple shape?

c) What factors did the development of foundry industry depend upon?

d) Into what groups (divisions) may we divide the sand casting?

e) What are the principal metals used for castings?

f) What was the first metal to be cast?

12. Подберите к русским словам соответствующие английские из правого столбика

форма литейная форма литейная промышленность отливка обрабатывать отливать нагревать плавить

foundry mold casting shape to cast to heat to melt to work

13. Подберите к данным словам и словосочетаниям похожие слова, данные под чертой. Сгруппируйте их попарно и запишите

foundry practice, to produce, to cast, economical, part, manufacturing process, principal, required shape

to make, to produce castings, foundry industry, manufacture, needed form, main, cheap, component.

14. Выберите из каждой пары русских слов то, которое соответствует данному слева английскому слову

casting shape to heat similar production principal

а) литейная промышленность; б) отливка а) плавить; б) конфигурация а) литейная форма; б) нагревать а) похожий; б) простой а) продукция; б) производство а) главный б) принципиальный