- •Теоретическая грамматика
- •The noun: its grammatical categories
- •2. The verb: its grammatical categories.
- •Sentence. Classification of sentences.
- •4. Actual division of sentences.
- •5.Members of the sentence.
- •6. Morphology in grammar. Morphological structure of the word.
- •Лексикология
- •Morphological structure of English words. Types of morphemes.
- •2. Patterned means of word-formation: derivation, compounding.
- •5.Causes and results of semantic changes.
- •Aspects of lexical meaning.
- •6. Polysemy: types of polysemy. Diachronic and synchronic approach to the phenomenon.
- •7.Homonymy: classifications of homonyms, sources of homonyms.
- •10. Stylistic potentials of the phraseological stock of present-day English.
- •8.Synonymy: classification of synonyms.
- •9.Antonymy: semantic and structural classifications of antonyms.
- •10. Phraseological units: semantic and syntactic classifications of phraseological units, main sources of phraseological units.
- •Стилистика
- •Functional style of the language of academic (scientific technical) writing.
- •2. Functional style of the language of business communication (official writing).
- •3.Functional style of the language of publicist writing (public speeches and stories in periodicals).
- •4.Functional style of the language of mass media. (short reports in new bulletins).
- •5.Functional style of the language of belles letters (fiction, verse, drama).
- •6. Stylistic stratification of English vocabulary (regular sets of present-day lexis).
- •7.Stylistic devices of the phonetic layer of the language system of English.
- •8.Stylistic devices of the lexical layer of the language system of English.
- •9.Stylistic devices of the syntactical layer of the language system of English.
- •Теоретическая фонетика
- •Theoretical phonetics as a science. Subject – matter and branches of phonetics.
- •2. The phoneme theory. Phoneme and allophone. Types of allophones.
- •3.Phonological classification of English consonants.
- •4. Phonological classification of English vowels.
- •5.Sounds in connected speech (assimilation, vowel reduction and elision).
- •6. Types and functions of syllables.
- •7.Degrees, types and functions of word stress.
- •We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
- •1 Stress on first syllable
- •2 Stress on last syllable
- •5 Compound words (words with two parts)
- •8. Structure and functions of intonation.
- •9.Phonostylistics. Intonational styles.
- •10. Territorial varieties of English.
2. Patterned means of word-formation: derivation, compounding.
Word formation is the creation of a new word.
Compounding is joining together 2 or more stems.
Types: 1) Without a connecting element: headache, heartbreak
2) With a vowel or consonant as a linking element: speedometer, craftsman
3) With a preposition or conjunction as a linking element: down-and-out (в ужасном положении, опустошенный), son-in-law
Compounds can be classified according to their structure:
consisting of simple stem: heartbreak
compounds where at least one stem is a derived one: football player
where one stem is clipped: Xmas, H-bag (handbag)
where one of the elements is also a compound: wastepaper basket.
There are also the so-called reduplicative compounds: Tick-tick, chow-chow.
Derivation. The type of word-formation:
with suffix (slow-slowness, glory-glorify)
with prefix.(write- rewrite, rich, enrich)
with affix (white-whiteness).
5.Causes and results of semantic changes.
Semantic changes – changes of both synchronic and diachronic nature, which concerns the semantic content of the word. New meanings would appear by means of semantic shift (q.v.) and semantic transference (q.v.), which lead to the growth of polysemy. Causes for s.ch. can be both extralinguistic and linguistic.
There are many causes of semantic change:
1) Historical causes. According to historical principle, everything develops changes, social institutions change in the course of time, the words also change.Ex.: “car” which goes back to Latin “carfus” which meant a four wheeled (vehicle) wagon, despite of the lack of resemblance.
2) Psychological causes. Taboos of various kinds.Words are replaced by other words, sometimes people do not realize that they use euphemisms. Ex.: “lady’s room” instead of the “lavatory”
3) Linguistic causes. Tendency of a language to borrow a particular metaphorical development of a word from another language.
One of the chief consequences of semantic change is the change in the area meaning. Each word has an area of meaning, it has certain limits.
As a result of semantic change this area of meaning can be restricted (ограниченный, узкий) or expended (тратить, расходовать (на что-л. - for, on, in)).
3.Non-patterned means of word-formation: shortening, blending, sound interchange, sound imitation, distractive stress, back formation.
Shortening: Consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. Mathematics – maths, Laboratory – lab, Captain – cap, Gymnastics – gym
3 types:1) The first part is left (the commonest type) advertisement – ad
2) The second part is left telephone – phone, airplane – plane
3) A middle part is left influenza – flu, refrigerator – fridge
Accepted by the speakers of the language clipping can acquire grammatical categories (used in plural forms)
Blending Is blending part of two words to form one word (merging into one word)
Smoke + fog = smog; Breakfast + lunch = brunch; Smoke + haze = smaze (дымка)
- addictive type: they are transformable into a phrase consisting of two words combined by a conjunction “and”: smog → smoke & fog
Sound interchange Sound interchange is the way of word building when some sounds are changed to form a new word. It is non-productive in Modern English; it was productive in Old English.
e.g. to strike - stroke, to sing - song etc.
Stress interchange Stress interchange can be mostly met in verbs and nouns e.g. `accent - to ac`cent. to af`fix -`affix, to con`flict- `conflict, to ex`port -`export, to ex`tract - `extract etc.
Sound imitation It is the way of word building when imitating different sounds forms a word. There are some semantic groups of words formed by means of sound imitation
a) Sounds produced by human beings, such as: to whisper, to giggle, to mumble, to sneeze, to whistle
b) Sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, such as: to hiss, to buzz, to bark, to moo, to twitter etc.
c) Sounds produced by nature and objects, such as: to splash, to rustle, to clatter, to bubble
The corresponding nouns are formed by means of conversion, e.g. clang (of a bell), chatter (of children).
Back-formation – the formation of a new word by subtracting a real or supposed suffix from the existing words: butler – to butle