- •Теоретическая грамматика
- •The noun: its grammatical categories
- •2. The verb: its grammatical categories.
- •Sentence. Classification of sentences.
- •4. Actual division of sentences.
- •5.Members of the sentence.
- •6. Morphology in grammar. Morphological structure of the word.
- •Лексикология
- •Morphological structure of English words. Types of morphemes.
- •2. Patterned means of word-formation: derivation, compounding.
- •5.Causes and results of semantic changes.
- •Aspects of lexical meaning.
- •6. Polysemy: types of polysemy. Diachronic and synchronic approach to the phenomenon.
- •7.Homonymy: classifications of homonyms, sources of homonyms.
- •10. Stylistic potentials of the phraseological stock of present-day English.
- •8.Synonymy: classification of synonyms.
- •9.Antonymy: semantic and structural classifications of antonyms.
- •10. Phraseological units: semantic and syntactic classifications of phraseological units, main sources of phraseological units.
- •Стилистика
- •Functional style of the language of academic (scientific technical) writing.
- •2. Functional style of the language of business communication (official writing).
- •3.Functional style of the language of publicist writing (public speeches and stories in periodicals).
- •4.Functional style of the language of mass media. (short reports in new bulletins).
- •5.Functional style of the language of belles letters (fiction, verse, drama).
- •6. Stylistic stratification of English vocabulary (regular sets of present-day lexis).
- •7.Stylistic devices of the phonetic layer of the language system of English.
- •8.Stylistic devices of the lexical layer of the language system of English.
- •9.Stylistic devices of the syntactical layer of the language system of English.
- •Теоретическая фонетика
- •Theoretical phonetics as a science. Subject – matter and branches of phonetics.
- •2. The phoneme theory. Phoneme and allophone. Types of allophones.
- •3.Phonological classification of English consonants.
- •4. Phonological classification of English vowels.
- •5.Sounds in connected speech (assimilation, vowel reduction and elision).
- •6. Types and functions of syllables.
- •7.Degrees, types and functions of word stress.
- •We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
- •1 Stress on first syllable
- •2 Stress on last syllable
- •5 Compound words (words with two parts)
- •8. Structure and functions of intonation.
- •9.Phonostylistics. Intonational styles.
- •10. Territorial varieties of English.
Sentence. Classification of sentences.
The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech English sentences can be divided into four types:
1. Simple sentence comprises a subject and a predicate (as well as secondary parts of a sentence): She (subject) invited (predicate) us to dinner.
2. Compound sentence unites two independent clauses brought together by a semicolon or a comma + a coordinating conjunction: She keeps telling me to control myself, but she never does herself.
3. Complex sentence consists of the main clause and at least one subordinate clause: Although he is trying to convince me (subordinate clause), I do not believe a single word he says. (Main clause).
4. Compound-complex sentence has two main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions and joined by a coordinating conjunction: I opened the parcel, but the boy disappeared before I could utter a word.
4. Actual division of sentences.
The notional parts of the sentence form together the nominative meaning of the sentence.
The main components of the actual division are the “theme” and the “rheme”.
Theme expresses the starting point of the communication. Rheme expresses the basic informative part of the communication.
Usually the theme is before the rheme. The duke has given my aunt that teapot. That teapot the duke has given to my aunt.
5.Members of the sentence.
In English, there are seven members of the sentence:
the Subject: a member of sentence which describe 'who' or 'what', and is usually undertaken by nouns, pronouns or their equivalents. The Sun rises from the east.
the Predicate: it describes the action or situation of the subject, and usually undertaken by verbs or verb phrases. They study very hard.
the Predicative: it describes the quality, feature, state or identity, and form compound predicate with linking verbs. It is usually undertaken by nouns, pronouns and adjectives or their equivalents. That river is very deep.
the Object: it shows the object or content of the action of a transitive verb, or is put after a preposition to form a prepositional phrase. It is usually undertaken by a noun or pronoun or their equivalents. We all like him.
the Complement: it is a supplement of the subject or the object, and is usually undertaken by an adjective or a noun or other proper structures. We consider this task very important.
the Attribute: it modifies or restricts nouns, and is usually undertaken by adjectives or their equivalent structures. This is a difficult problem.
the Adverbial: it modifies verbs, adjectives, adverbs or the whole sentence, and is usually undertaken by a adverb or its equivalent structures. He runs fast.
6. Morphology in grammar. Morphological structure of the word.
Morphology as part of grammatical theory faces the two segmental units: the morpheme and the word. The morpheme is a meaningful segmental component of the word; the morpheme is formed by phonemes. The word is a nominative unit of language; it is formed by morphemes; Morphemes are divided into root-morphemes (roots) and affixal morphemes (affixes). The roots express the concrete, "material" part of the meaning of the word, while the affixes express the specificational part of the meaning of the word, the specifications being of lexico-semantic and grammatico-semantic character. The roots of notional words are classical lexical morphemes. The affixal morphemes include prefixes, suffixes. Prefixes and lexical suffixes have word-building functions, together with the root they form the stem of the word; inflexions (grammatical suffixes) express different morphological categories.The root, according to the positional content of the term is obligatory for any word, while affixes are not obligatory. The morphemic composition of modern English words has a wide range of varieties; in the lexicon of everyday speech the preferable morphemic types of stems are root-stems (one-root stems or two-root stems) and one-affix stems. With grammatically changeable words, these stems take one grammatical suffix {two "open" grammatical suffixes are used only with some plural nouns in the possessive case, cf.: the children's toys, the oxen's yokes).Thus, the abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word is the following: prefix + root + lexical suffix+grammatical suffix. "schoolyard" is made of "school" + "yard", "makes" is made of "make" + a grammatical suffix "-s", and "unhappiness" is made of "happy" with a prefix "un-" and a suffix "-ness