- •Теоретическая грамматика
- •The noun: its grammatical categories
- •2. The verb: its grammatical categories.
- •Sentence. Classification of sentences.
- •4. Actual division of sentences.
- •5.Members of the sentence.
- •6. Morphology in grammar. Morphological structure of the word.
- •Лексикология
- •Morphological structure of English words. Types of morphemes.
- •2. Patterned means of word-formation: derivation, compounding.
- •5.Causes and results of semantic changes.
- •Aspects of lexical meaning.
- •6. Polysemy: types of polysemy. Diachronic and synchronic approach to the phenomenon.
- •7.Homonymy: classifications of homonyms, sources of homonyms.
- •10. Stylistic potentials of the phraseological stock of present-day English.
- •8.Synonymy: classification of synonyms.
- •9.Antonymy: semantic and structural classifications of antonyms.
- •10. Phraseological units: semantic and syntactic classifications of phraseological units, main sources of phraseological units.
- •Стилистика
- •Functional style of the language of academic (scientific technical) writing.
- •2. Functional style of the language of business communication (official writing).
- •3.Functional style of the language of publicist writing (public speeches and stories in periodicals).
- •4.Functional style of the language of mass media. (short reports in new bulletins).
- •5.Functional style of the language of belles letters (fiction, verse, drama).
- •6. Stylistic stratification of English vocabulary (regular sets of present-day lexis).
- •7.Stylistic devices of the phonetic layer of the language system of English.
- •8.Stylistic devices of the lexical layer of the language system of English.
- •9.Stylistic devices of the syntactical layer of the language system of English.
- •Теоретическая фонетика
- •Theoretical phonetics as a science. Subject – matter and branches of phonetics.
- •2. The phoneme theory. Phoneme and allophone. Types of allophones.
- •3.Phonological classification of English consonants.
- •4. Phonological classification of English vowels.
- •5.Sounds in connected speech (assimilation, vowel reduction and elision).
- •6. Types and functions of syllables.
- •7.Degrees, types and functions of word stress.
- •We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
- •1 Stress on first syllable
- •2 Stress on last syllable
- •5 Compound words (words with two parts)
- •8. Structure and functions of intonation.
- •9.Phonostylistics. Intonational styles.
- •10. Territorial varieties of English.
6. Types and functions of syllables.
Syllable is the smallest articulatory (pronunciation) unit.
Syllable is a combination of vowel and consonant.
Syllable is a structural unit , which consists of a vowel alone or of a vowel (or a syllabic consonant) surrounded by consonants in the numbers and arrangements permitted by a given language.
Syllable structure C+V :
CV (no)
VCV(ago)
CVCC(rhythm)
Classification of syllables
Open (be)
Closed (fit)
Covered (not)
Uncovered (awe)
7.Degrees, types and functions of word stress.
There are 3 degrees of word stress in English:
stressed syllables (primary stress)
half-stressed syllables (secondary stress)
unstressed syllables
A large group of polysyllabic simple words have both the primary and the secondary stresses e.g. conversation
There are several large groups of words with 2 equally strong stresses. e.g. rewrite, fourteen.
The secondary stress is manifested in polysyllabic words.e.g. popularity, responsibility.
In words with the primary stress on the 3d syllable the secondary stress usually falls on the 1st syllable. e.g. decoration.
If the primary stress falls on the 4th or 5th syllable the secondary stress is on the second syllable.
e.g. articulation, experimentation.
Word stress in a language performs three functions.
1. Word stress constitutes a word, it organizes the syllables of a word into a language unit having a definite accentual structure, that is a pattern of relationship among the syllables; a word does not exist without the word stress 2. Word stress enables a person to identify a succession of syllables as a definite accentual pattern of a word. This function of word stress is known as identificatoiy(у него так в лекции) (or recognitive). 3. Word stress alone is capable of differentiating the meaning of words or their forms, thus performing its distinctive function. The accentual patterns of words or the degrees of word stress and their positions form oppositions, e.g. 'import — im'port, 'billow — below.
There are two very simple rules about word stress:
One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)
We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
1 Stress on first syllable
Rule: Most 2-syllable nouns (PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble)
Most 2-syllable adjectives (PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy)
2 Stress on last syllable
Rule: Most 2-syllable verbs (to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN)
3 Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)
Rule: Words ending in –ic (GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic)
Words ending in -sion and –tion (teleVIsion, reveLAtion)
4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)
Rule: Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy and –gy (deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy)
Words ending in –al (CRItical, geoLOGical)