- •Теоретическая грамматика
- •The noun: its grammatical categories
- •2. The verb: its grammatical categories.
- •Sentence. Classification of sentences.
- •4. Actual division of sentences.
- •5.Members of the sentence.
- •6. Morphology in grammar. Morphological structure of the word.
- •Лексикология
- •Morphological structure of English words. Types of morphemes.
- •2. Patterned means of word-formation: derivation, compounding.
- •5.Causes and results of semantic changes.
- •Aspects of lexical meaning.
- •6. Polysemy: types of polysemy. Diachronic and synchronic approach to the phenomenon.
- •7.Homonymy: classifications of homonyms, sources of homonyms.
- •10. Stylistic potentials of the phraseological stock of present-day English.
- •8.Synonymy: classification of synonyms.
- •9.Antonymy: semantic and structural classifications of antonyms.
- •10. Phraseological units: semantic and syntactic classifications of phraseological units, main sources of phraseological units.
- •Стилистика
- •Functional style of the language of academic (scientific technical) writing.
- •2. Functional style of the language of business communication (official writing).
- •3.Functional style of the language of publicist writing (public speeches and stories in periodicals).
- •4.Functional style of the language of mass media. (short reports in new bulletins).
- •5.Functional style of the language of belles letters (fiction, verse, drama).
- •6. Stylistic stratification of English vocabulary (regular sets of present-day lexis).
- •7.Stylistic devices of the phonetic layer of the language system of English.
- •8.Stylistic devices of the lexical layer of the language system of English.
- •9.Stylistic devices of the syntactical layer of the language system of English.
- •Теоретическая фонетика
- •Theoretical phonetics as a science. Subject – matter and branches of phonetics.
- •2. The phoneme theory. Phoneme and allophone. Types of allophones.
- •3.Phonological classification of English consonants.
- •4. Phonological classification of English vowels.
- •5.Sounds in connected speech (assimilation, vowel reduction and elision).
- •6. Types and functions of syllables.
- •7.Degrees, types and functions of word stress.
- •We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
- •1 Stress on first syllable
- •2 Stress on last syllable
- •5 Compound words (words with two parts)
- •8. Structure and functions of intonation.
- •9.Phonostylistics. Intonational styles.
- •10. Territorial varieties of English.
9.Stylistic devices of the syntactical layer of the language system of English.
Stylistic devices of the syntactical layer: repetition, chiasmus, climax, stylistic inversion, ellipsis, asyndeton, polysyndeton, antithesis.
Repetition is to increase rge degree of emotion:
Anaphora - the repetition of the same elements at the beginning of several sentences. He goes, he goes
Epiphora – the repetition of the same elements at the end of several sentences. In such as that
Chiasmus – kind of repetition, but it has a reserved order in one of the utterances. The cloud-like rocks, the rock-like clouds.
Climax is a repetition of the sentence, which is combined with gradual increase in the degree of some quality or in quantity. Smile – laugh – roar.
Inversion is unusual order of the words chosen for greater expressiveness. Terribly cold it certainly was.
Ellipsis – omission of some parts of the sentence. Where is he - in the garden.
Asyndeton - omission of the conjunctions or other connectors between parts of the sentence. There is no use in talking to him, he’s idiotic.
Polysyndeton – a repeated use of the same connectors. With, with, with.
Antithesis – a sharp contrast in meaning between he parts. Art is long, life is short.
Теоретическая фонетика
Theoretical phonetics as a science. Subject – matter and branches of phonetics.
Phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics like lexicology or grammar. These linguistic sciences study language from three different points of view. Lexicology deals with the vocabulary of language, with the origin and development of words, with their meaning and word building. Grammar defines the rules governing the modification of words and the combination of words into sentences. Phonetics studies the outer form of language; its sound matter. Phonetics is a basic branch of linguistics. Neither linguistic theory nor linguistic practice can do without phonetics. No kind of linguistic study can be made without constant consideration of the material on the expression level.
4 branches of phonetics: the articulatory (is the study of the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds), the acoustic (is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds), the auditory (is the study of the way people perceive speech sounds), and phonology (or functional; studies only those contrasts in sound which make differences of meaning within language)
2. The phoneme theory. Phoneme and allophone. Types of allophones.
The phoneme is a minimal indivisible meaningful unit present in speech of all the members of the community.
Allophones of a phoneme are in complimentary distribution to each other. Various speech realization of the phoneme are called its allophones.
Basic oppositions of the phonemes :
1. Long vs short ( seat vs sit, seat vs sead)
Basic oppositions of the phonemes/allophones:
-Aspirated vs unaspirated (tail vs stale)
- nasal plosion vs lateral plosion (fiddle vs didn’t )
-Alveolar vs interdental (at the vs at the theater)
-Voiced vs voiceless ( коз – кос, need vs neat)
-Mute vs pronounced ( a letter vs a letter of thanks)
-Full formation vs reduction (competition vs competitive )
Types of allophones:
-principal
-subsidiary.