- •Теоретическая грамматика
- •The noun: its grammatical categories
- •2. The verb: its grammatical categories.
- •Sentence. Classification of sentences.
- •4. Actual division of sentences.
- •5.Members of the sentence.
- •6. Morphology in grammar. Morphological structure of the word.
- •Лексикология
- •Morphological structure of English words. Types of morphemes.
- •2. Patterned means of word-formation: derivation, compounding.
- •5.Causes and results of semantic changes.
- •Aspects of lexical meaning.
- •6. Polysemy: types of polysemy. Diachronic and synchronic approach to the phenomenon.
- •7.Homonymy: classifications of homonyms, sources of homonyms.
- •10. Stylistic potentials of the phraseological stock of present-day English.
- •8.Synonymy: classification of synonyms.
- •9.Antonymy: semantic and structural classifications of antonyms.
- •10. Phraseological units: semantic and syntactic classifications of phraseological units, main sources of phraseological units.
- •Стилистика
- •Functional style of the language of academic (scientific technical) writing.
- •2. Functional style of the language of business communication (official writing).
- •3.Functional style of the language of publicist writing (public speeches and stories in periodicals).
- •4.Functional style of the language of mass media. (short reports in new bulletins).
- •5.Functional style of the language of belles letters (fiction, verse, drama).
- •6. Stylistic stratification of English vocabulary (regular sets of present-day lexis).
- •7.Stylistic devices of the phonetic layer of the language system of English.
- •8.Stylistic devices of the lexical layer of the language system of English.
- •9.Stylistic devices of the syntactical layer of the language system of English.
- •Теоретическая фонетика
- •Theoretical phonetics as a science. Subject – matter and branches of phonetics.
- •2. The phoneme theory. Phoneme and allophone. Types of allophones.
- •3.Phonological classification of English consonants.
- •4. Phonological classification of English vowels.
- •5.Sounds in connected speech (assimilation, vowel reduction and elision).
- •6. Types and functions of syllables.
- •7.Degrees, types and functions of word stress.
- •We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
- •1 Stress on first syllable
- •2 Stress on last syllable
- •5 Compound words (words with two parts)
- •8. Structure and functions of intonation.
- •9.Phonostylistics. Intonational styles.
- •10. Territorial varieties of English.
Теоретическая грамматика
The noun: its grammatical categories
The noun denotes thingness in a general sense. Thus nouns name things (book, table), living beings (man, tiger), places (valley, London, England), materials (iron, oil), processes (life, laughter), states (sleep, consciousness), abstract notions (socialism, joy) and qualities (kindness, courage).
English nouns have 2 grammatical categories: the category of number and the category of case.
The Category Of Number
Grammatical numbers of English nouns are the singular and the plural. The basic form is the singular.The plural of almost all the counts is built by adding the inflexion -/e/s to the basic form /singular form/. In speech this inflexion is related in 3 variants:
/s/ occurs after voiceless consonants, сup-cups
/z/ after voiced consonants and vowels, bag-bags
/iz/ after sibilants boy-boys
In nouns with the final –y preceded by a consonant –y changes into –i. The plural ending is –es
Study-studies, Lobby-lobbies
A small number of nouns have irregular plurals. They are: Man-men, Woman-woman, Goose-geese, Foot-feet, Tooth-teeth, Mouse-mice, Louse-lice, Child-children, Ox-oxen
In a number of nouns having a sound /f/ in the singular/spelled –f of –fe/ this sound changes into /v/ in the plural form and the ending –es is added. Knife-knives, Leaf-leaves, Life-lives, Loaf-loaves, Shelf-shelves, Wife-wives, Wolf-wolves
There is no change of the sound in the plural of the nouns roof,proof,safe. Both variants are found in the nouns handkerchieves /-fs/ ,hoof-hooves/hoofs/ , scarf-scarfs /ves/
The formation of the plural of nouns ending in / -o/. The plural of these nouns is built up by adding to the singular form the inflexion
/-es/ hero-heroes Negro-Negroes,tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes
/-s/ in: nouns ending in 2 vowels radio-radios,zoo-zoos; n-shortenings photo-photos,kilo-kilos; in musical terms of Italian origin solo-solos,piano-pianos
The Category Of Case. Case is the inflected form of the noun indication the grammatical relation in which .the noun stands to other parts of the sentence. English nouns have a two case system: the common case/the basic form/ and the genitive case/the possessive case./ The genitive case of all singular nouns is built up by means of the morpheme –s which is added to the base form .For example: Singular: boy-boy’s, Student-student’s ; Plural man-men’s, Woman-woman’s
In the genitive of personal names ending in sibilants the morpheme –s is optional, but the apostrophe and the pronunciation /-iz/ are obligatory.
For example: Common case: Burns, boz, fox. Possessive case: Burn’s/-iz/ poems, Boz’s/-iz/ sketches, Fox’s/-iz/ articles
2. The verb: its grammatical categories.
Verb is a part of speech with grammatical meaning of process, action. According to function, verbs can be defined as words making up the predicate of the sentence. English verbs are characterized by a great variety of forms which can be divided into two main groups according to the function they perform in the sentence: the finite forms and the non-finite forms. The finite forms have the function of the predicate in the sentence. The non-finite forms can have various other functions. The finite forms of the verb have the following grammatical categories:
Person and Number. These categories serve to show the connection between the subject and the predicate of the sentence – the subject agrees with the predicate in person and number. There are three persons (the first, the second, the third) and two numbers (the singular and the plural).
Tense and aspect . The tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs. Absolute tenses (describes the action in relation to the moment of speech): Present, Past, Future. Relative (describes the action in relation to any time before or after the moment of speech). Aspect characterizes the action from the point of view of its development. opposition of
non-continuous- continuous forms (to sleep –to be sleeping)
Voice: the active voice and the passive voice. It shows whether the subject of the sentence is the agent or the object of the action expressed by the predicate verb.
Mood. It shows the relation between the action expressed by the predicate verb and reality:
a real facts are expressed by the Indicative mood I go to school
commands, requests by the Imperative mood Do it now
Subjunctive I expresses a problematic action. It is only used in certain set expressions. God save the Queen!
Subjunctive II denotes an unreal action. I wish he had told the truth. If only he were here!
The Conditional Mood denotes an unreal action. But for the rain we would go for a walk.
The Suppositional Mood also expresses a problematic action. Ring me up if he should be there.