- •Министерство образования и науки республики казахстан южно-казахстанский государственный университет им. .М.Ауезова
- •What is Biotechnology?
- •Vocabulary
- •History of biotechnology
- •Vocabulary
- •Applications of biotechnology in different areas
- •Vocabulary
- •Objects of biotechnology
- •Vocabulary
- •Assignments to do:
- •Microscopy: The Instruments
- •X Answer the questions:
- •Assignments to do:
- •I Remember:
- •II Read the words paying attention to the pronunciation:
- •III Read and translate the following words:
- •IV Read and translate the text about prokaryotic cell The prokaryotic cell
- •V Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •Assignments to do:
- •II Read the words paying attention to prefixes and translate them:
- •III Read and translate the text about classification of shapes of bacteria
- •Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria
- •IV Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •V Give the synonyms of the following words:
- •VI Complete the sentences with some or any.
- •Assignments to do:
- •The eukaryotic cell
- •Assignments to do:
- •The Evolution of Eukaryotes
- •VI Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VII Find in the text pairs of synonyms and remember trhem:
- •VIII Paraphrase the sentences using synonyms:
- •Assignments to do:
- •Microbial Metabolism
- •V Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VI True or false?
- •Assignments to do:
- •Enzymes and Chemical Reactions
- •VII Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VIII Fill in the gaps with the proper words:
- •Assignments to do:
- •Photosynthesis
- •Assignments to do:
- •A nutritional classification of organisms
- •Assignments to do:
- •Physical Requirements for Growth of microorganisms
- •Assignments to do:
- •Chemical Requirements for Growth of microorganisms
- •VI Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VII Give the synonyms to the following words:
- •VIII Translate to the following sentence into English:
- •VIII Translate to the following sentence into Russian:
- •Assignments to do:
- •Fermentation Technology
- •X Answer the questions:
- •XI Describe the figure 9.
- •Application of microorganisms in food industry
- •Assignments to do:
- •The commercial microbial products
- •Assignments to do:
- •Biotechnology and the Future
- •V Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VI Complete the sentences:
- •VII Find the pairs of synonyms:
- •Glossary of Biotechnology Terms
- •Literature
Vocabulary
Application, agriculture, biodegradable, domestication of plants, vegetable oil, biofuels, transgenic plants, genetic cures, enzymes, biological weapons, industrial biotechnology, bioeconomy.
Task. Correcting mistakes.
Correct mistakes in these sentences.
At the weekend I’m usually go swimming.
Are you enjoy the party?
We can’t play tennis because it rains.
Do you can play chess?
How many sisters you have?
I no understand what you’re saying.
What you do tonight?
What time you get home last night?
Last weekend I see some friends and we have a meal.
I’m loving English food. It’s wonderful!
Give the main idea of the text
7-8 Practical lesson
Read and translate the text about objects of biotechnology
Objects of biotechnology
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with a light microscope. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. Since the initial discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail, although there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.
Cells are the fundamental units of living things, from the smallest bacterium to the largest of the plants and animals. Bacteria, the smallest cells, are visible only with the aid of a microscope. The smallest bacteria (Chlamydia and Rickettsia) are only 0.1 to 0.2 um in diameter, whereas larger bacteria may be many microns in length. A newly described species is hundreds of times larger than the average bacterial cell and is visible to the naked eye. Most species, however, are approximately 1 um in diameter and are therefore visible using the light microscope, which has a resolution of 0.2 um. In comparison, animal and plant cells are much larger, ranging from 7 um (the diameter of a red blood cell) to several feet (the length of certain nerve cells).
Each cell contains the genetic basis for reproduction in its DNA genome, the biochemical machinery for transcribing genetic information into messenger RNA (mRNA) and translating the mRNA into proteins, and the machinery for energy production and biosynthesis, which is all packaged by a membrane. In addition, each cell replicates by cell division. The mechanisms and machinery for accomplishing these functions are basically similar, but the specifics may be different for bacteria and for the higher order organisms. These differences are influenced by the structure of the cell, the environment in which the cell lives, the source and means of the cell's energy production, and the nature of and requirement for cell interaction (or lack thereof).