- •Министерство образования и науки республики казахстан южно-казахстанский государственный университет им. .М.Ауезова
- •What is Biotechnology?
- •Vocabulary
- •History of biotechnology
- •Vocabulary
- •Applications of biotechnology in different areas
- •Vocabulary
- •Objects of biotechnology
- •Vocabulary
- •Assignments to do:
- •Microscopy: The Instruments
- •X Answer the questions:
- •Assignments to do:
- •I Remember:
- •II Read the words paying attention to the pronunciation:
- •III Read and translate the following words:
- •IV Read and translate the text about prokaryotic cell The prokaryotic cell
- •V Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •Assignments to do:
- •II Read the words paying attention to prefixes and translate them:
- •III Read and translate the text about classification of shapes of bacteria
- •Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria
- •IV Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •V Give the synonyms of the following words:
- •VI Complete the sentences with some or any.
- •Assignments to do:
- •The eukaryotic cell
- •Assignments to do:
- •The Evolution of Eukaryotes
- •VI Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VII Find in the text pairs of synonyms and remember trhem:
- •VIII Paraphrase the sentences using synonyms:
- •Assignments to do:
- •Microbial Metabolism
- •V Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VI True or false?
- •Assignments to do:
- •Enzymes and Chemical Reactions
- •VII Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VIII Fill in the gaps with the proper words:
- •Assignments to do:
- •Photosynthesis
- •Assignments to do:
- •A nutritional classification of organisms
- •Assignments to do:
- •Physical Requirements for Growth of microorganisms
- •Assignments to do:
- •Chemical Requirements for Growth of microorganisms
- •VI Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VII Give the synonyms to the following words:
- •VIII Translate to the following sentence into English:
- •VIII Translate to the following sentence into Russian:
- •Assignments to do:
- •Fermentation Technology
- •X Answer the questions:
- •XI Describe the figure 9.
- •Application of microorganisms in food industry
- •Assignments to do:
- •The commercial microbial products
- •Assignments to do:
- •Biotechnology and the Future
- •V Remember the following word and word-combinations:
- •VI Complete the sentences:
- •VII Find the pairs of synonyms:
- •Glossary of Biotechnology Terms
- •Literature
History of biotechnology
Through early biotechnology, farmers were able to select the best suited crops, having the highest yields, to produce enough food to support a growing population. Later other cultures produced the process of lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Pasteur's work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form.
For thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. For example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops. In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn starch using Clostridium acetobutylicum, to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during World War I.
Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium. In 1940, penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans.
Vocabulary
Select, lactic acid fermentation, leavened bread, selective breeding, microbiological culture, antibiotic, explore, mold, development, microbiology, to treat bacterial infections.
Task. Choosing the correct form.
Choose the correct form of the verb.
I’m speaking/ I speak/ I’m speak three languages: French, Spanish and English.
A Where does Hans come/ Hans come/ is Hans coming from?
B He’s Swiss. He comes from Zurich.
A What you do/ do you do/ are you doing tonight?
B I’m going out.
A Where’s George?
B He has/ ’s having/ have a shower.
A What means this word/ does mean this word/ does this word mean?
B I don’t know. Look it up.
A Do you want a cigarette?
B No, thanks. I don’t smoke/ not smoke/ smoke not.
Last year I went/ go/ was go to America on holiday.
How long you stay/ did you stay/ stayed you in America?
The weekends was boring. I no do/ didn’t/ didn’t do anything.
A I’m going to university next year.
B What are you going to/ you going to/ do you study?
5-6 Practical lesson
Read and translate the text about applications of biotechnology
Applications of biotechnology in different areas
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and environmental uses.
For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and milk products). Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, cleanup sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons.
Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals.
Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation.
White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. The investment and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies is termed as bioeconomy.