VI Remember the following word and word-combinations:

Backbone, dry weight, to derive, gaseous nitrogen, soil, cooperatively, roots of legumes, clover, soybean, alfalfa, beans, pea, energy bonds, amount, trace elements, tap water, purines, pyrimidines.

VII Give the synonyms to the following words:

Enzyme, to require, source, growth, compound, to derive.

VIII Translate to the following sentence into English:

1. Половина сухой массы клеток бактерий является углеродом.

2. Калий, магний и кальций также являются элементами, в которых нуждаются микроорганизмы.

3. Многие микроорганизмы могут синтезировать витамины.

4. Химические факторы включают в себя источники углерода, азота, серы, фосфора, кислорода, микроэлементы и органические факторы роста.

5. Сера используется для синтезирования серосодержащих аминокислот и витаминов, таких как тиамин и биотин.

VIII Translate to the following sentence into Russian:

1. One of the most important requirements for microbial growth is carbon.

2. Chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs derive their carbon from carbon dioxide.

3. Natural sources of sulfur include the sulfate ion, hydrogen sulfide, and the sulfur-containing amino acids.

4. Microbes require very small amounts of other mineral elements, such as iron, copper, molybdenum, and zinc.

5. Organisms that require oxygen to live are called obligate aerobes.

IX Answer the questions:

1. What do include chemical aspects for microbial growth?

2. What sources of sulfur do require microorganisms?

3. What sources of nitrogen do require microorganisms?

4. What sources of carbon do require microorganisms?

5. What organic growth factors do require for increase number of cells microorganisms?

X Make up a short summary of the text.

36-38 Practical lesson

Rules of reading: The letter Rr

Word formation: suffixes of nouns – or, -er

Text: Fermentation technology

Assignments to do:

I Remember:

1. The rules of reading the letter Rr:

• Before vowels is pronounced as [r]: ring, rule, rose

• After the vowels letter Rr is not pronounced: filter, yesterday

2. Suffixes: – or, - er form the nouns from the verbs: to read – reader, to react - reactor

II Read the words paying attention to their pronunciation:

Red, try, cry, country, department, car, to learn.

III Give the transcription to the following words:

Green, arm, ribose, rose, word, part, to run, air, are, to bring, to impel.

IV Form the nouns from the verb:

To diffuse, to bake, to design, to act, to drive, to paint.

V Read the international words and guess their meaning:

Industrial, production, fermentation, cultivation, to produce, aeration, temperature, design, bioreactor, to control.

VI Read and translate the text about fermentation technology

Fermentation Technology

The industrial production of microbial products usually involves fermentation. Industrial fermentation is the large-scale cultivation of microbes or other single cells to produce a commercially valuable substance.

V essels for industrial fermentation are called bioreactors; they are designed with close attention to aeration, pH control, and temperature control. There are many different designs, but the most widely used bioreactors are of the continuously stirred type (Figure). The air is introduced through a diffuser at the bottom (which breaks up the incoming airstream to maximize aeration), and a series of impeller paddles and stationary wall baffles keep the microbial suspension agitated. Oxygen is not very soluble in water, and keeping the heavy microbial suspension well aerated is difficult. Highly sophisticated designs have been developed to achieve maximum efficiency in aeration and other growth requirements, including medium formulation. The high value of the products of genetically modified microorganisms and eukaryotic cells has stimulated the development of newer types of bioreactors and computerized controls for them.

VI Remember the following word and word-combinations:

Large-scale, commercially valuable substance, vessel, stirred type, bottom, impeller paddle, stationary wall baffle, soluble in water, to achieve, high value of the products, cooling jacket, motor, culture broth, liquid level, foam breaker, sterile air, harvesting drain, steam for sterilization.

VII Make the sentences using these words:

1. Products, the industrial, fermentation, production, of, involves, microbial.

2. Bioreactors, fermentation, industrial, vessels, called, for, are.

3. Is, in, very, oxygen, not, soluble, water.

4. Value, the high, microorganisms, of, of genetically, the products, modified.

5. Type, the most, bioreactors, stirred, are, used, continuously, widely, of, the.

VIII Give English equivalents to the following words:

Промышленное производство, ценное вещество, реактор с мешалкой, генетически модифицированные организмы, пеногаситель, охлаждающая рубашка, культуральная жидкость, компьютеризированный контроль.

IX Fill in the gaps with the proper words:

1. The industrial production of microbial products usually involves ...

2. They are designed with close attention to aeration, pH control, and … control.

3. Oxygen is not very … in water, and keeping the heavy microbial suspension well aerated is difficult.

4. Vessels for industrial … are called bioreactors.

5. The most widely used bioreactors are of the continuously … type.