- •Warming-up
- •4.1.3 Read the following verbs.Mind their meaning.Pay attention to the principal forms
- •4.1.4 Find the proper Russian words with the same roots as the following English words
- •4.1.5 Choose the proper English word
- •4.1.6 Find the English equivalents of the following Russian words
- •4.1.7 Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Russian
- •4.2 Read the text and give definitions of different structural elements Text 4 a Structural Elements
- •4.3 Exercises to the text
- •4.3.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them
- •4.3.2 Complete the following sentences
- •4.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
- •4.3.4 Choose the sentences describing: a) beams; b) shells
- •4.3.5 Translate the passage describing various types of beams in written form
- •4.3.6 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers
- •4.4 Read the text Text 4 b Leaning Tower of Pisa Begins To Be Stabilized
- •Text 4 c Foundations
- •2 On what kind of ground have towns and cities appeared?
- •3 What is the function of pile foundations?
- •4 Can piles be made without using building materials?
- •4.6 Read the dialogue in pairs
- •5.1 Pretext exercises
- •5.1.1Read the words. Pay attention to the letters in italics
- •5.1.2 Read the following words. Mind their meaning
- •5.1.3 Read the following verbs. Mind their meaning. Pay attention to the principal forms
- •5.1.4 Find the proper Russian words with the same roots as the following English words
- •5.1.5 Choose the proper English word
- •Russian
- •Lime, wood, brick, cement, stone, steel, concrete, glass, gypsum, plastics
- •Text 5 a
- •Wood is the most ancient structural material. If is light, cheap, easy to work with and its mechanical properties are good. But it has serious disadvantages: it burns and decays.
- •5.3 Exercises to the text
- •5.3.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them
- •5.3.2 Find sentences describing concrete
- •5.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
- •3 Bricks are early fastened together… c) in the properties desired by the engineer.
- •5.3.4 Complete the following sentences using the information from the text
- •5.3.5 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers. Don’t forger to change over
- •Text 5 в timber
- •5.5 Read the text. Find the key sentences in all passages of the text. Render the text in Russian Text 5 c Reinforced Concrete
- •Steel constructions with reinforced concrete have become the most important building materials invented in centuries and they have given modern architecture its peculiar features.
- •5.6 Read the text and speak different features of aluminum. Give your reason of its usage in construction
- •Text 5 d
- •Aluminum in Structures
- •5.7 Write a summary of the following text in English
- •5.8.1 Read the dialogue in pairs Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •5.8.2 Work in pairs. Interview your partner as an expert in building materials. Use the words and expressions from the texts you have read
- •5.9 Audial practice
- •From the History of Concrete
- •5.10 Summarize your knowledge of the question under consideration. Speak on the different aspects of building materials
3 What is the function of pile foundations?
Pile foundations are widely used in such cases.They cut through the thickness of the ground and rest upon firm layers. The piles were almost always of timber.Once hammerd into the ground, they acted as columns usually transmitting part of the load to firmer ground at the foot. Ferro- concrete was discovered about 200 years ago. Wooden piles gradually became a thing of the past. They have been replaced by ferro- concrete and metal piles.
4 Can piles be made without using building materials?
The new requirements for tall buildings were mainly met by the substitution of grillages of steel beams for the less efficient, earlier spread footing. These have since given way to footings and piles of reinforced concrete. The heaviest reinforced-concrete piles are nowadays cast in situ in prebored hole.
A group of specialists has developed piles without using building material for the purpose. At the depth of 16-18m a hole is drilled. A special burner is then inserted. At 1,400° C the earth fuses. It then hardens and becomes a bearing pillar.
Notes to the text
stratum (мн.ч. – strata)- пласт
pile - свая
pier - столб
grillage - решётка; ростверк
in situ - на месте
4.6 Read the dialogue in pairs
A.: There's something I want to ask you. May I ?
B.: Sure , you may! Why not?
A.: What do we call that par of a building on which the walls rest?
B.: Do you mean to say that you don't know?
We call in the foundation.
A.: What is the function of foundation?
B.: The durability of a structure depends on it?
A.: Oh, I see. And what is a purpose of a column, for example?
B.: A column either supports or decorates part of a building.
A.: Can a column stand as a monument?
B.: Of course, it can.
4.6.1 Complete the dialogues
A.: What do we call … ?
B.: … … …
A.: Where is … used ?
B.: … … …
2. A.: … … …
B.: Do you mean to say that you don't know?
A.: What is the function of … ?
B.: … … …
4.6.2 Think of your own dialogues
4.7 Summarize your knowledge of the question under consideration
4.7.1 Find in the texts and put down key words that can be used to speak about the structural elements
4.7.2 Make up a written story or an oral report about the different
structural elements
5. Unit 5 Building Materials
Warming – up
1.What building materials do you know?
2.Can you give examples of natural and artificial building materials?
5.1 Pretext exercises
5.1.1Read the words. Pay attention to the letters in italics
[ð] that, this, these, they, together, with, weather, there, them
[ө] strength, thousand, three, nineteenth
[∫] should, shall, finish
[t∫] choice, such, cheap, which
[ŋ] building, strength, finishing, decorating, binding, bearing, strong
[g] give, together, good, ago, began, conglomerate, glass, organic, group
[d3] engineer, range, disadvantage, Egyptians, large, general, gypsum