- •Warming-up
- •4.1.3 Read the following verbs.Mind their meaning.Pay attention to the principal forms
- •4.1.4 Find the proper Russian words with the same roots as the following English words
- •4.1.5 Choose the proper English word
- •4.1.6 Find the English equivalents of the following Russian words
- •4.1.7 Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Russian
- •4.2 Read the text and give definitions of different structural elements Text 4 a Structural Elements
- •4.3 Exercises to the text
- •4.3.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them
- •4.3.2 Complete the following sentences
- •4.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
- •4.3.4 Choose the sentences describing: a) beams; b) shells
- •4.3.5 Translate the passage describing various types of beams in written form
- •4.3.6 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers
- •4.4 Read the text Text 4 b Leaning Tower of Pisa Begins To Be Stabilized
- •Text 4 c Foundations
- •2 On what kind of ground have towns and cities appeared?
- •3 What is the function of pile foundations?
- •4 Can piles be made without using building materials?
- •4.6 Read the dialogue in pairs
- •5.1 Pretext exercises
- •5.1.1Read the words. Pay attention to the letters in italics
- •5.1.2 Read the following words. Mind their meaning
- •5.1.3 Read the following verbs. Mind their meaning. Pay attention to the principal forms
- •5.1.4 Find the proper Russian words with the same roots as the following English words
- •5.1.5 Choose the proper English word
- •Russian
- •Lime, wood, brick, cement, stone, steel, concrete, glass, gypsum, plastics
- •Text 5 a
- •Wood is the most ancient structural material. If is light, cheap, easy to work with and its mechanical properties are good. But it has serious disadvantages: it burns and decays.
- •5.3 Exercises to the text
- •5.3.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them
- •5.3.2 Find sentences describing concrete
- •5.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
- •3 Bricks are early fastened together… c) in the properties desired by the engineer.
- •5.3.4 Complete the following sentences using the information from the text
- •5.3.5 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers. Don’t forger to change over
- •Text 5 в timber
- •5.5 Read the text. Find the key sentences in all passages of the text. Render the text in Russian Text 5 c Reinforced Concrete
- •Steel constructions with reinforced concrete have become the most important building materials invented in centuries and they have given modern architecture its peculiar features.
- •5.6 Read the text and speak different features of aluminum. Give your reason of its usage in construction
- •Text 5 d
- •Aluminum in Structures
- •5.7 Write a summary of the following text in English
- •5.8.1 Read the dialogue in pairs Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •5.8.2 Work in pairs. Interview your partner as an expert in building materials. Use the words and expressions from the texts you have read
- •5.9 Audial practice
- •From the History of Concrete
- •5.10 Summarize your knowledge of the question under consideration. Speak on the different aspects of building materials
4.3 Exercises to the text
4.3.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them
The arch has been the chief means of supporting the walls
From the first century BC the Romans began to use concrete in place of cut stone.
The pointed arches were widespread in the Middle Ages.
Beams are used tosupport the flooring only.
Beams were first made of stone and timber.
Masonry domes have been constructed for centuries.
Shells are similar to beams in that they transmit forces in three dimensions.
4.3.2 Complete the following sentences
1. In ancient times there was/were...type (s) of arches
a) many b)three c) one
A simple beam is a beam that rests upon a support at...
a) each end b) one end c)the end or ends
3. The dome may be regarded as the three-dimensional counterpart of...
a) the column b)the arch c) the roof
The term shell is used to denote a spanning and spaceenclosing element of... form
a) pyramidal b) columnar c)domed
Shells have been made in ...
a) one form b) a wide variety of forms c)three forms
4.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
1.From the beginning of a) is the most unlimited
recorded time ... latitude in design forms
2.Iron beams became b)were under the designer´s control
structurally important elements…
3.The strength of the c) against the rotation at the end or ends
concrete and the overall
geometry of the element…
4.One of the main advantages d) only in the late of 18-th century
of shell construction…
5.A fixed is a beam that is restrained… e) man has designed and erected
buildings
4.3.4 Choose the sentences describing: a) beams; b) shells
1 These structural elements are similar to domes.
2 This is the chief means of overcoming the spanning limitations of single block of stones or lengths of timber.
3 This is a spanning and space-enclosing element of domed form.
4 This is a structural element that rests upon a support at each end.
5 This is the three-dimensional counterpart of the arch.
6 This structural element is used to support the whole structure.
7 This structural element was made of iron only in the late of 18-th century.
4.3.5 Translate the passage describing various types of beams in written form
4.3.6 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers
1 What early arch forms do you know?
2 What building materials were used for the construction of arches?
3 What types of beams do you know?
4 What is the function of beams?
5 When did iron beams become structurally important elements?
6 What is a dome?
7 What is the difference between an arch and a dome?
8 What does the ferm «shell» mean?
9 In what way are the shells similar to domes?
10 Why are shells so wirdely used?