- •Warming-up
- •4.1.3 Read the following verbs.Mind their meaning.Pay attention to the principal forms
- •4.1.4 Find the proper Russian words with the same roots as the following English words
- •4.1.5 Choose the proper English word
- •4.1.6 Find the English equivalents of the following Russian words
- •4.1.7 Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Russian
- •4.2 Read the text and give definitions of different structural elements Text 4 a Structural Elements
- •4.3 Exercises to the text
- •4.3.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them
- •4.3.2 Complete the following sentences
- •4.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
- •4.3.4 Choose the sentences describing: a) beams; b) shells
- •4.3.5 Translate the passage describing various types of beams in written form
- •4.3.6 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers
- •4.4 Read the text Text 4 b Leaning Tower of Pisa Begins To Be Stabilized
- •Text 4 c Foundations
- •2 On what kind of ground have towns and cities appeared?
- •3 What is the function of pile foundations?
- •4 Can piles be made without using building materials?
- •4.6 Read the dialogue in pairs
- •5.1 Pretext exercises
- •5.1.1Read the words. Pay attention to the letters in italics
- •5.1.2 Read the following words. Mind their meaning
- •5.1.3 Read the following verbs. Mind their meaning. Pay attention to the principal forms
- •5.1.4 Find the proper Russian words with the same roots as the following English words
- •5.1.5 Choose the proper English word
- •Russian
- •Lime, wood, brick, cement, stone, steel, concrete, glass, gypsum, plastics
- •Text 5 a
- •Wood is the most ancient structural material. If is light, cheap, easy to work with and its mechanical properties are good. But it has serious disadvantages: it burns and decays.
- •5.3 Exercises to the text
- •5.3.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them
- •5.3.2 Find sentences describing concrete
- •5.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
- •3 Bricks are early fastened together… c) in the properties desired by the engineer.
- •5.3.4 Complete the following sentences using the information from the text
- •5.3.5 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers. Don’t forger to change over
- •Text 5 в timber
- •5.5 Read the text. Find the key sentences in all passages of the text. Render the text in Russian Text 5 c Reinforced Concrete
- •Steel constructions with reinforced concrete have become the most important building materials invented in centuries and they have given modern architecture its peculiar features.
- •5.6 Read the text and speak different features of aluminum. Give your reason of its usage in construction
- •Text 5 d
- •Aluminum in Structures
- •5.7 Write a summary of the following text in English
- •5.8.1 Read the dialogue in pairs Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •5.8.2 Work in pairs. Interview your partner as an expert in building materials. Use the words and expressions from the texts you have read
- •5.9 Audial practice
- •From the History of Concrete
- •5.10 Summarize your knowledge of the question under consideration. Speak on the different aspects of building materials
5.7 Write a summary of the following text in English
Одним из наиболее древних строительных материалов является камень. Каменные конструкции просты в изготовлении, обладают долговечностью и огнестойкостью. Для сооружения каменных конструкций применяются искусственные и природные камни.
Природные камни – известняки, песчаники, граниты – используют для облицовки стен, возведения фундаментов. К искусственным камням относят кирпич различных видов, камни из бетона.
5.8.1 Read the dialogue in pairs Dialogue 1
A.: Is cement widely used in building construction?
B.: It does without saying that it is.
A.: What do you know about cement?
B.: It’s a powder which, when mixed with water, becomes hard like stone.
A.: Oh, I see. For what purpose is it used?
B.: It is used for the purpose of binding together masonry units.
A.: What kind of masonry units?
B.: Don’t you know? Masonry units such as stone, bricks.
A.: And suppose you mix cement with sand, stones and water?
B.: Then we get concrete.
Dialogue 2
A.: Plastics have appeared comparatively recently, haven’t they?
B.: It goes without saying that they have.
A.: Why is it that they have found a wide application in constructions?
B.: You see, they have many attractions, but they are used not only in construction. They have found a wide application in many industrial fields.
A.: I’m sure it’s because of their valuable and diverse properties. Don’t you think so?
B.: You are quite right!
5.8.2 Work in pairs. Interview your partner as an expert in building materials. Use the words and expressions from the texts you have read
5.9 Audial practice
Listen to the text and render it either in English or Russian
From the History of Concrete
Mass or plain concrete dates from very early days. It was employed by the Egyptians and Romans in the construction of aqueducts and bridges, in the construction of roads and town walls. The Romans used it even in under-water structures. A large part of Great Britain wall (the 3-rd century BC) was also built of concrete. The concrete remains of the foundations of buildings built several thousand years ago have been found in Mexico. As cement was not known in those times, concrete was made of clay and later of gypsum and lime. Nowadays concrete is made in modern machinery with very careful regulation of the proportion of the mix.
5.10 Summarize your knowledge of the question under consideration. Speak on the different aspects of building materials