- •Warming-up
- •4.1.3 Read the following verbs.Mind their meaning.Pay attention to the principal forms
- •4.1.4 Find the proper Russian words with the same roots as the following English words
- •4.1.5 Choose the proper English word
- •4.1.6 Find the English equivalents of the following Russian words
- •4.1.7 Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Russian
- •4.2 Read the text and give definitions of different structural elements Text 4 a Structural Elements
- •4.3 Exercises to the text
- •4.3.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them
- •4.3.2 Complete the following sentences
- •4.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
- •4.3.4 Choose the sentences describing: a) beams; b) shells
- •4.3.5 Translate the passage describing various types of beams in written form
- •4.3.6 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers
- •4.4 Read the text Text 4 b Leaning Tower of Pisa Begins To Be Stabilized
- •Text 4 c Foundations
- •2 On what kind of ground have towns and cities appeared?
- •3 What is the function of pile foundations?
- •4 Can piles be made without using building materials?
- •4.6 Read the dialogue in pairs
- •5.1 Pretext exercises
- •5.1.1Read the words. Pay attention to the letters in italics
- •5.1.2 Read the following words. Mind their meaning
- •5.1.3 Read the following verbs. Mind their meaning. Pay attention to the principal forms
- •5.1.4 Find the proper Russian words with the same roots as the following English words
- •5.1.5 Choose the proper English word
- •Russian
- •Lime, wood, brick, cement, stone, steel, concrete, glass, gypsum, plastics
- •Text 5 a
- •Wood is the most ancient structural material. If is light, cheap, easy to work with and its mechanical properties are good. But it has serious disadvantages: it burns and decays.
- •5.3 Exercises to the text
- •5.3.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them
- •5.3.2 Find sentences describing concrete
- •5.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
- •3 Bricks are early fastened together… c) in the properties desired by the engineer.
- •5.3.4 Complete the following sentences using the information from the text
- •5.3.5 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers. Don’t forger to change over
- •Text 5 в timber
- •5.5 Read the text. Find the key sentences in all passages of the text. Render the text in Russian Text 5 c Reinforced Concrete
- •Steel constructions with reinforced concrete have become the most important building materials invented in centuries and they have given modern architecture its peculiar features.
- •5.6 Read the text and speak different features of aluminum. Give your reason of its usage in construction
- •Text 5 d
- •Aluminum in Structures
- •5.7 Write a summary of the following text in English
- •5.8.1 Read the dialogue in pairs Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •5.8.2 Work in pairs. Interview your partner as an expert in building materials. Use the words and expressions from the texts you have read
- •5.9 Audial practice
- •From the History of Concrete
- •5.10 Summarize your knowledge of the question under consideration. Speak on the different aspects of building materials
5.3.3 Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text
1The building materials vary… a) with the help of mortar.
2 Stone is one of the oldest materials… b) in the construction of buildings.
3 Bricks are early fastened together… c) in the properties desired by the engineer.
4 Steel has come into general use… d) to add beauty to modern houses.
5 Glass is widely used… e) used by man.
6 Architects have turned to plastics… f) with the development of industry.
5.3.4 Complete the following sentences using the information from the text
1 The mechanical ... of wood are very good.
2 Stone is widely used for the support of ... .
3 A brick building is strong, ... and weather-resistant.
4 Binding materials are used for ... different plans.
5 Concrete may be used for ... under water .
6 Plastics are various organic ... of resin, cellulose and protein.
7 Lime and gypsum are used as ... of wall plaster.
5.3.5 Ask your partner the following questions. Listen to his/her answers. Don’t forger to change over
1 What are the properties of the building materials?
2 What are the most commonly used building materials?
3 Do building materials differ from each other?
4 What can you say about the most ancient building materials?
5 Is concrete an artificial or natural building material?
6 Into what groups do we divide building materials?
7 What binding materials do you know?
8 What are auxiliary materials used for?
5.3.6 With your partner compare the structural features of stone and
concrete
5.3.7 Finding the text and put down key words that can be used to
speak about different building materials
5.3.8 Speak on the topic under consideration. Use the following plan :
1 The choice of building materials.
2 The main properties of the building materials.
3 The classification of the building materials.
4 The most commonly used building materials.
5.4 Study the text and translate it using a dictionary
Text 5 в timber
Timber is the most ancient structural material. In comparison with steel timber is lighter, cheaper, easier to work and its mechanical properties are good. On the other hand, timber has certain disadvantages. First, it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays.
At present an enormous amount of timber is employed for a vast number of purposes. In building timber is used too.
Timber is a name applied to the cut material derived from trees. Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups: softwoods and hardwoods. Hardwoods are chiefly used for decorative purposes, as for paneling, veneering in furniture, and some of them are selected for structural use because of their high strength and durability. In modern construction timber is often used for window and door frame, flooring, fences and gates, wall plates, for temporary buildings and unpainted internal woodwork.
Timber cannot be used for either carpenters` or joiners` work immediately it has been felled because of the large amount of sap, which it contains. Most of this moisture must be removed, otherwise the timber will shrink excessively, causing defects in the work and a tendency to decay. Elimination of moisture increases the strength, durability and resilience of timber.