Questions for Module Control 2

1. Do you agree with R. Stalnaker that the problems of pragmatics have been treated informally by philosophers in the ordinary language tradition, and by some linguists, but logicians and philosophers of a formalistic frame of mind have generally ignored pragmatic problems?

2. How does R. Montague treat “indexicality”? Do you agree with him? Prove your answer.

3. Why has R. Stalnaker’s approach to indexicality been much more influential than R. Montague’s one?

4. Why does D. Kaplan call what he is doing semantics of indexicals and demonstratives?

5. What is refentialism? Dwell on its aspects.

6. How does the refentialist conception of what is said fit with H. P. Grice’s theory of conversation?

7. Analyze theories of contexts and contents by D. Kaplan and R. Stalnaker. What advantages and disadvantages of each theory can you name?

8. Define politeness and its types. What techniques and linguistic devices to show politeness can you name?

9. What is the essence of Y. Matsumoto’s criticism of the politeness theory?

10. Characterize face threatening acts. Give examples.

11. How do P. Brown and S. Levinson show the available range of verbal politeness strategies to redress loss of face?

12. Analyze G. Leech’s politeness maxims. In what way are they similar to conversational maxims formulated by P. Grice?

13. What sociological factors should we take into consideration when deciding whether and how to use the various strategies in real life situations?

14. Do you agree with P. Brown and S. Levinson that positive and negative faces exist universally in human culture? Why? Prove your answer.

15. Give the definition to “deixis”. Dwell on its relation to indexicality and anaphora.

16. What does Ch. J. Fillmore mean by the “major grammaticalized types” of deixis?

17. Dwell on place deixis. Does English show a two-way or a three-way referential distinction in its deictic system? Prove your answer.

18. How can we distinguish deictic expression from anaphoric one?

19. Characterize exophoric and endophoric reference. Give examples.

20. What is deictic center? Can it be transferred?

21. Distinguish between usages of deixis. Give examples.

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