2. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What is a computer?

2. What can a computer do?

3. A computer cannot think, can it?

4. What has a human operator to do?

5. Do computers differ in size?

3. Перекладіть текст рідною мовою.

Kinds of Computers

1. Computers are frequently divided into two groups according to the jobs they perform. These groups are general-purpose computers and 'special-purpose computers. A general-purpose computer can handle many kinds of jobs and is not restricted to any particular user. On the other hand, a special-purpose computer is designed to do one specific job for a particular user.

2. Computers differ in the way they work as- well as in what they can do. On this basis, they can be classified into three general types:

1) digital computers, 2) analog computers, and 3) hybrid compu­ters. Digital computers are by far the most common type.

3. Digital computers solve problems and do other tasks by counting, comparing, and rearranging digits in the arithmetic/logic unit. All the data, whether in the form of numbers, letters, or symbols, are represented by digits.

4. Digital computers use the digits of the binary numeration system. Unlike the familiar decimal number system, which uses 10 digits, the binary system uses only two digits: 0 and 1. These binary digits, called bits, can be easily represented by the thousands of tiny electronic circuits of a digital computer. The circuits operate much like an ordinary electric switch. When the switch is off, it corresponds to the binary digit 0. When the switch is on, it corresponds to the digit 1.

5. Analog computers work directly with a physical quantity, such as weight, voltage, or speed, rather than with digits that represent the quantity. The computers solve problems by measuring the quantity in terms of another quantity. In a problem involving water pressure and water flow, for example, electrical voltage might serve as an anologue (likeness) for the water pressure, and electric current for the water flow. Many familiar devices, including speedometers, and thermostats, operate on the same basic principle as analog computers. For example, a thermometer measures temperature in terms of the length of a thin line of liquid in a tube. An analog computer presents output data in a continuous form, often as a position on a scale. In some cases, the data are displayed as electrical signals on an instrument called an oscilloscope.

6. Hybrid computers combine the features of analog and digital computers. They are as fast as analog computers in solving problems in­volving differential equations and as accurate as digital computers.

4. Напишіть короткий зміст тексту на англійській мові.

ВАРІАНТ III

1. Перекладіть текст рідною мовою:

Uses of the Computer

1. Computers play an increasingly important role in society, parti­cularly in industrially developed countries.

Numerous factories use computers to control machines that make products. A computer turns the machines on and off adjust their operations when necessary. In most major industries, computers help researchers and executives make important decisions.

2. Without computers, it would be impossible for engineers to perform the enormous number of calculations needed to solve many advanced technological problems. Computers help in the building of spacecraft, and they assist flight engineers in launching, controlling, and tracking the vehicles. Computers also are used to develop equipment for exploring the moon and planets. They enable architectural and civil engineers to design complicated bridges and other structures with relative ease.

3.Computers have been of tremendous help to researchers in the biological, physical, and social sciences. They also have a major role in the field of information science. Information science deals with how information is collected, processed, and transmitted. It brings together knowledge from many fields of study. Researchers using computers helps them to solve problems in the biological and physical sciences. One method used for certain problems provides exact solution in the form of mathematical equations.

4. In many scientific fields, researchers use computers to construct mathematical models of devices, systems and theories. The models consist of equations that describe the possible relations between the parts or processes of a subject.

5. Chemists and physicists rely on computers to control and check sensitive laboratory instruments and to analyze experimental data. Astronomers use computers to guide telescopes and to process photographic images of planets and other objects in space.

6. Computers provide an efficient means of storing and locating scientific research data for reference purposes. Their storing records of thousands of articles and reports gives specialists quick access to the latest development in their field.

7. Computers can be used to compose music, write poems, and pro­duce drawings and paintings. A work generated by a computer may re­semble that of a certain artist in both style and form, or it may appear abstract or random. In either case, however, any creativity in the work is basically that of the person who programmed the computer.

8. Computers are also used in the study of the fine arts, particularly literature. They have also been programmed to help scholars identify paintings and sculptures from ancient civilizations.

2. Знайдіть правильні і неправильні речення.

1. Computers play an important role in society.

2. Without computers it would be possible to perform the enormous number of calculations.

3. Researchers don't use computers to construct mathematical models of devices, systems and theories.

4. Computers provide an efficient means of storing and locating scientific research data for various purposes.

3. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What can computers do in most major industries?

2. Computers enable engineers to design complicated structures, don't they?

4. Знайдіть англійські еквіваленти поданих слів у 1 та 2 абзацах.

многочисленный; управлять; включать (выключать); регулировать; главный (основной); исследователь; служащий; решение;

выполнять; огромный; вычисление; передовой (прогрессивный);

помогать; запускать; летательный аппарат (ракета); следить; оборудование; исследовать.

5. Знайдіть українські еквіваленти слів поданої діаграми:

Сomputer

To be used

Nume­rous facto­ries

Space techn ology

Archite ctural and civil engineering

Informat ion science

Mathem atical models

Chemis­try, physics, astronom У

Fine arts

.

ВАРІАНТ IV