5. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1. What, do you think, will be the main occupation of the people by the end of the century?

2. What per cent of labour force will remain directly, in production by the end of the century?

3. Who do you think, will be the primary producer of the material wealth in the future?

4. Who coined the word robot?

5. Do modern robots resemble humans?

6. Can robots perform complex production operations?

7. Is one hundred per cent automated production a dream of the distant future?

6. Складіть 6-8 запитань до тексту

7. Напишіть короткий зміст тексту

8. Складіть словник-мінімум до тексту.

ВАРІАНТ III

1. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть рідною мовою подані речення, беручи до уваги, що об'єктний та суб'єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

1. They are likely to be familiar with this phenomenon.

2. He is known to be a great expert in computer technology.

3. He is expected to make a good computer engineer.

4. English is known to be a language of international communication.

2. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть рідною мовою подані речення, звертаючи увагу на різницю в перекладі залежного та незалежного дієприкметникового звороту.

1. A dark cloud having appeared in the sky, we decided to stay at home.

2. Her friends gone, she started to clean the table.

3. My relatives living far, I seldom see them.

4. The contract quantity was 5, 000 tons, the sellers having an option to deliver 2 per cent, more or less.

3. Перепишіть та перекладіть рідною мовою подані умовні речення.

1. If he had understood the situation, he would have acted differently.

2. If you had come between two and three yesterday, you would have found me at home.

3. Had I known his native language, I should have answered him.

4. If I were you, I wouldn't have believed it.

4. Перекладіть текст рідною мовою.

MODERN ELECTRONICS

(MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCOMPUTERS)

A recent advance in electronics has had great irhpact¹ on both the electronics and our daily lives. With the arrival 3f microprocessors, another evolutionary stage has taken place in the electronics field. What the introduction of the transistor did a number of years back, the microprocessor is doing now. Everyday, more applications of this device affect our lives in many ways.

What are microprocessors and microcomputers? Why have they such impact on industry and our lives?

Before an understanding and appreciation of microprocessors and microcomputers can be achieved, one must know how a computer works in general and what components are involved. A simplified description of how a computer works is to describe it as follows: the computer executes a sequential set of instructions . The instructions are in a binary-coded form and reside in the computer's memory. Each instruction has a unique code specifying a particular operation and has been placed in specific sequence by the computer programmer.

The complete set of instructions is referred to as a program, and the program allows the computer to perform a useful function.

The computer can perform this function by taking (fetching) the first instruction from memory and performing (executing) the operation called for by the code. Then it goes back to the memory unit and takes the next instruction in sequence (unless directed otherwise) and performs the operation called for by its code. This sequential fetching, of an instruction and execution of that instruction continues until the final, instruction is executed. Thus, the computer has finished performing the function defined by the program and can either wait for a new set of instructions (program) or be directed to repeat the entire program over again.

Computers can be broken down into three main categories based on their size. The biggest types are those that we see in large business corporations, banks and scientific laboratories. An entire large room may be devoted to these maxicomputers and their associated peripheral equipment, such as magnetic tape units, card punchers, card readers, and line printers. The function of these units can range from scientific computation and engineering problem solving to large business-type operations, such as payroll, accounts keeping, 'inventory, аnd maintaining large files of data.

Minicomputers are much smaller in physical size and are used mostly for purposes such as industrial process control, scientific applications in research laboratories, and management of business records for small companies. These computers are in great demand because of their relatively inexpensive price compared to maxicomputers and their varied capabilities, making them very flexible and easy to package for a variety of applications. The microcomputer is the least expensive and smallest of the three types of computers. Its greatest impact is the realm of data acquisition and control in industrial process control, although many applications have been found in consumer electronics and the computer market. Microcomputers of the technology involved in manufacturing them will change many aspects of our daily lives.

5. Складіть 6-8 запитань до тексту.

7. Напишіть короткий зміст тексту

8. Складіть словник-мінімум до тексту.

ВАРІАНТ IV

1. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть рідною мовою подані речення, беручи до уваги, що об'єктний та суб'єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

1. Their plans are likely to change in the future.

2. The customs officer asked the young man to open his suitcase.

3. I understood you to have changed your mind.

4. We consider computer, accessories and the mathematical models to play a great role in photogrammetry.

2. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть рідною мовою подані речення, звертаючи увагу на різницю в перекладі залежного та незалежного дієприкметникового звороту.

1. Не read several books in English, the latest being a biography of Shakespeare.

2. The weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow.

3. He wants the documents sent by air mail.

4. My relatives living far, I seldom see them.

3. Перепишіть та перекладіть рідною мовою подані умовні речення.

1. If he had known about our difficulties, he would have helpedus.

2. If I were your age, I would be a manager.

3. Had the road been better, we should not have been late.

4. Believe me, if I'd had at least five free minutes to talk to you yesterday, I'd have done so.

4. Перекладіть текст рідною мовою.

BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

All computers, of whatever size , have four basic units:

1. an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), 2. a control unit, 3. a memory unit,4. An input\ output (I/ O) unit.

There exists a tight interconnection of these units forming a basic computer system which data, information, or control signals are normally flowing.

Sometimes, the input and output units can be considered separately. The ALU and the control unit are often grouped together and referred to as the central processing unit (CPU). This is what the term microprocessor means. It is the ALU and control unit 01 a microcomputer. The microprocessor is usually one chip (1C) to which are added memory chips and I/O chips to make a complete microcomputer.

The memory unit serves as an area to store instructions and data . Instructions are the binary-coded pieces of information that get decoded by the microprocessor and specify a particular operation that get operated on by the CPU . The memory can also be used for storing intermediate and final results of arithmetic operations performed by the ALU. The control unit oversees the operation of the memory unit. By providing an appropriate address, information can be read from the memory unit and placed in the CPU or an output 4evice. Information can also be written into memory from the CPU or an input device under the control of the control unit.

The CPU consists of the ALU and the control unit. The ALU is the area at the computer where arithmetic and logic operations are performed on data. The type of operation to be performed is determined by signals generated from the control, unit. These signals are based on the decoding of an instruction that was read from memory. The data that get operated on can come from memory or an input device based on the instruction for that operation. The result of the operation can be placed in memory or in an output device, again depending upon the instruction specified.

The control unit has the function of controlling the functions performed by all the other components of the - microcomputer. It must generate timing and control signals necessary to read (fetch) instructions from memory, decode these binary pieces of information utilizing the instruction decoder circuitry, - and execute what is called for by the decoded instruction. It must also be able to communicate with I/O devices by performing read or write operations when called for by an instruction during the execution of a program.

The input/output unit consists of all the devices that allow the computer to communicate with the outside world. Some examples of input devices are keyboards, teletypewriters, punchcard and paper-tape readers, magnetic-tape readers, and along-to-digital converters. Some examples of output devices are indicator lights, teletypewriters, printers, punched-paper-tape, and digital-to-analog converters.

Since the computer is continually fetching and executing instructions, it must be operating on information in groups of bits. These groups of bits that the computer operates on, either transferring or manipulating, are referred to as the computer word size. The greatest majority of microcomputers use air eight-bit word size, indicating that the CPU deals with eight - bit transfers or manipulations of information. Each memory location holds an eight-bit piece of information, or one computer word. The grouping of eight-bits into one piece of information for transfer or manipulation occurs so frequently that it is given the name byte. Therefore, eight bits is one byte and the computer used operates on 'one-byte words, so it can be described as an 8-bit microcomputer.

Larger computers, such as maxicomputers, generally operate with word sizes ranging from 16 to 64 bits, with 32 bits being the most common. These computers (32-bit) would then be described as having a word size of four bytes. Minicomputers operate with; word sizes ranging from eight Bits to 32 bits with 16 bits being the most common.

Most microprocessors specify a 16-bit memory address and therefore, two bytes are necessary to define a specific memory location. Some microprocessors allow for storing, data in specific areas of memory, in which case – a special operation code for the operation to be performed is used and only eight bits of address are needed for the complete instruction.