7. Складіть міні-словник до тексту.

8. Напишіть короткий зміст тексту.

9. Випишіть 3 речення з граматичними формами у пасивному стані.

КОНТРОЛЬНА РОБОТА № 4

Щоб правильно виконати контрольну роботу № 4, необхідно засвоїти такі розділи граматики англійської мови.

1. Умовні речення 3 типів.

2. Складні форми інфінітиву та дієприкметника.

3. Звороти, рівнозначні підрядним реченням: об'єктний інфінітивний зворот, суб'єктний інфінітивний зворот; незалежний дієприкметниковий зворот.

Зразок виконання завдань

ВПРАВА 1

1. We want this method to be applied in 1. Ми хочемо, щоб цей метод our institute. примінявся в нашому інституті.

2. This method is reported to be 2. Інформують, що цей метод applied in our institute. приміняється в нашому інституті.

ВПРАВА 2

1. Having translated the article the 1. Переклавши статтю, студент student submitted it to the lecturer. здав її.

2. The article having been 2. Після того, як статтю було translated, student submitted it to перекладено, студент здав її. the lecturer.

ВПРАВА 3

1. If he had asked me, I would have 1. Якщо б він попросив мене, я б helped him. йому допоміг. 2. If the weather was nice, they 2. Якби погода була гарна, вони б would go to the beach, пішли на пляж.

ВАРІАНТ I

1. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть рідною мовою подані речення беручи до уваги, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

1. The translation is understood to have been typed.

2. I wish the matter to be settled today.

3. A wide introduction of computers and robots is said to cause unemployment.

4. Robots are known to give little effect out of flexible production systems.

2. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть рідною мовою подані речення, звертаючи увагу на різницю в перекладі залежного та незалежного дієприкметникового звороту.

1. There being nothing to do, we went for a walk.

2. It was dark, the sun having set an hour before.

3. Nobody being there, I went away.

4. My brother having taken the key, I could not enter the house.

3. Перепишіть та перекладіть рідною мовою подані умовні речення.

1. If I had been sure of the answer, I would have spoken.

2. If I were you, I would not speak about this to anybody.

3. He would not agree, even if you asked him.

4. We'd have stayed there longer if the weather hadn't changed.

4. Перекладіть текст на рідну мову.

LASER SERVES MEN

One of the main characteristics of laser radiation is its intensity. From the invention of the laser in the 1950's it was recognized that intense laser beams might be a good way to deposit large quantities of energy in materials for manufacturing purposes. That potentiality has now become a mature technology. Over the past decade high-power lasers have been used in many manufacturing processes: the welding of automobile parts, electronic devices and medical instruments; the heat-treating of automobile and airplane parts to improve their surface properties; the cutting of sheet metal in the punch and die industry, and the drilling of small cooling holes (007 to 05 inch) in airplane parts. In all these operations laser systems have made production lines more efficient and reduced costs.

In manufacturing lasers serve basically as devices capable of applying an extremely high flux of energy to the surface of a workpiece. In this role they have significant advantages over such conventional heat sources as flames, torches, electric arcs and plasma jets. Among those advantages are a product of higher quality (in terms of better performance and a reduction in the number of parts that have to be reworked or scrapped); reduced outlays for materials, labor and processing; high productivity (with resulting reductions in floor space and depreciation costs); a better working environment, and the flexibility and versatility of the laser and the production system based on it.

It is becoming common to speak of two classes of high-power lasers, light and heavy. The classification depends mainly on the power. The light lasers operate in the range from a few tens of watts to a few hundred. They serve in such work as cutting and drilling ceramic substrates in the electronics industry, drilling rubies in the watchmaking industry and cutting not only metal but also cloth, plastics and wood in a variety of other industries. Many of the lasers are fairly small solid-state devices: ruby laser (with a wavelength of 69 micrometers), neodymium-doped glass lasers and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet lasers (both with a wavelength of 1.06 micrometers in the. infrared). These wavelengths couple well with most metals, making it possible to apply them in welding, drilling, cutting and heat-treating.

The light class of lasers also includes certain gas lasers (argon and carbon dioxide), which are operated mostly in the continuous-wave mode. The beam emitted by a gas laser has almost total collimation, meaning that it shows little of the divergence that characterized the beam of, say, a flashlight. Hence the beam can be concentrated in a small spot (ranging-in size from micrometers to a fraction of a millimeter), and it delivers power of great intensity. These characteristics are important, particularly in wording by the deep-penetration process.

The heavy lasers range in power from a few kilowatts to a few tens of kilowatts. The heavy lasers in manifacturing serve in heavy-duty processing such as the welding of pipelines, the welding of automobile parts and the heattreting of the surface of, such parts as crankshafts and the cinder walls of large diesel engines. The treatment hardens the surface, increasing the resistance of the part to wear. Most of the heavy-duty lasers are carbon dioxide lasers operating in the continuous mode.

The high flux of electromagnetic energy appied to the surface of the workpiece by a laser is absorbed in an outer layer about 10 nanometers (0.000001 millimeter) thick. In that thin layer a heat source of very great intensity is thereby established. An advantage of the laser is that the heat energy is maintained and made to work in the region where the work has to be done. For this reason the energy efficiency is high, ranging from 10 to 1,000 times higher than it is in conventional systems that heat proportionately larger volumes of the workpiece. Laser systems thus achieve notably fast processing times and unique processing properties.

Another important advantage of the laser is that it does not damage parts, since it delivers heat in less time than a conventational source because of the high power density of the beam. Therefore the heat has no time to flow into the part. Conventional sources heat far more of the workpiece than is necessary, giving rise to thermally induced distortion , cracks or stresses that can damage the part, making it necessary to rework or scrap it or impairing its performance. The economic implications are obvious for costly semifinished parts such as gears whose teeth need to be hardened. Jet-engine turbine blades in which cooling holes must be drilled and engine blocks whose cylinder bores need to be hardened on the inside .

All these advantages result from the extremely high power density of the laser beam. Certain other advantages make the laser beam a highly flexible tool and explain why lasers can often be employed with good results even at the level of power obtainable from conventional sources. The beam has no mass and can be easily moved and controlled with short response times. It is easily accommodated in automatic processes. It acts from a distance, eliminating or reducing problems of mechanical interference. By the same token it does not generate mechanical responses, so that the workpiece does not vibrate and does not need to be clamped. Finally, laser technology makes for clean and fast processing that is compatible with work stations along production lines. As a result the technology has significant implications for the logistics and compactness of the production system.

These advantages become apparent in the specific things laser can accomplish in manufacturing, such as drilling; deburring, cutting, welding and heat-treating. The present achievements in laser technology are impressive but they represent only a beginning of the contributions laser systems can be expected to make to industry.

5. Складіть 6-8 запитань до тексту.

6. Напишіть короткий зміст тектсу.

7. Складіть словник-мінімум до тексту.

ВАРІАНТ II

1. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть рідною мовою подані речення, беручи до уваги, що об'єктний та суб'єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

1. The company is said to have been reorganized.

8. 2. I understood him to say that he would help them.

3. The Sun is known to represent a mass of condensed gases and vapours.

4. Certain properties of matter are considered to be always the same under definite conditions.

2. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть рідною мовою подані речення, звертаючи увагу на різницю в перекладі залежного та незалежного дієприкметникового звороту.

1. The day being very warm, we opened the window.

2. The text was not very difficult, many words having been learnt before.

3. There being no vacant seats, I had to stand during the lecture.

4. The negotiations between the American and British representatives were conducted behind closed doors, measures having been taken that no correspondent should receive any information.

3. Перепишіть та перекладіть рідною мовою подані умовні речення.

1. If he had free time next Sunday, he would help us.

2. If you had come here yesterday, we would have asked you for help.

3. Should it be necessary, we could make another experiment.

8. 4. Wouldn't you have agreed if you were me?

4. Перекладіть текст рідною мовою.

ROBOTS AND THEIR JOBS

A characteristic feature of automation today is a rapid expansion of computers and robotics, rotor lines and rotor conveyers, and flexible automated production lines and systems which ensure high producivity. Administration and the service industry, while only 15 per cent of the labour force will remain directly in production. Machines and robots will be the primary producers of material wealth. What do we refer to as robots administration and the service industry, while only 15 per cent of the labour force will remain directly in production. Machines and robots will be the primary producers of material wealth. What do we refer to as robots? Robots are automata with programmable control, which by virtue of their specific structures, designs or movement capabilities, can perform functions which until now seemed the; exclusive domain of human labour.

The short, dynamic word robot, was first coined back in the by-Karel Czapek, a Czech writer and playwright.

Finishing work oil his play R. U. R., the only thing left for Czapek was to think up a word to designate the play's characters-humanoid machines. True, Karel Czapek was thinking of calling them labors from the Latin word for work.

"Don't you think it might be a little too pretentious?" he asked his artist brother, Josef Czapek.

"But why not base it on the Czech language? Call them robots". That was how the Czapek brothers coined the word robot, Bow included in practically all the world's languages.

The robots of our time resemble humans very little. According to specialists, the main thing is not for them to look like people, but to just do their work for them. Factories equipped with automatic machine tools, transfer lines and management information systems place a lot of hope in them.

Automation has stepped up the machining of the most sophisticated items, improving precision and quality of output, but it has demanded that the fulfilment of all the auxiliary operations be likewise as precise and quick. And this became the job for modern robots.

Automation sought out areas where a robot can operate as well as a person but where people are reluctant to work. In other words man has created the robot so as not to become a robot himself.

Robotics incorporates the latest achievements of mechanics metallurgy, radio- electronics, engineering, cybernetics and basic sciences. As compared with the new sensational break through, for instance, robots created by Japanese engineers, our manipulators may seem rather modest.

Our robots service presses and hammers in the factory shops. They feed blanks, measuring their temperature in passing, if this is required by the technology, remove the finished parts and pass them on along the technological chain. Ever now these modest toilers have released thousands of people from monotonous and sometimes very hard work.

"Robots that process blanks not only free workers from hard monotonous labour, but also sharply enhance the efficiency of production in forge and press shops."

One of the first-generation robots could perform operation of the type 'Take off- put on" or "pick up-bring".

It replaced several stevedores and riggers. However, it could pick up billets or other items only from definite positions determined by a rigid programme.

Today, to avoid errors, robots are supplied-with vision (TV camera) and hearing (microphone). Man entrusts to second-generation robots the performance of more complex production operations-painting, soldering, welding and assembly work.

A more complex task lies ahead – to remove people completely from production areas where there are harmful fumes, excessively high or low temperatures and pressure. People should not work in conditions that are hazardous. Let the robot replace them there – and the sooner, the better. That is how scientists understand one of the main humanistic tasks of robotics of our time.

Does this mean that first-generation robots have done what they could and can leave the production scene? The experts say not at all. There is a great need for such machines, especially during loading-unloading operations.

Variations are possible, too – robots of several generations operate together, within a single team. And the machine of the higher class secures the necessary working conditions for the other, rigidly-programmed robots.

Generally speaking, a single robot by itself is hardly of any use in production. It must be coupled in design with other equipment – with a system of machines, machine tools and other devices. The task is to set up robotized complexes and flexible, productions capable of transferring easily and quickly to an output of new goods.

Robots are needed not only to spare man power, especially on arduous, monotonous and harmful jobs. Many production processes are unthinkable without them.

Single-handed, even the cleverest and most skilful robot is not yet a soldier in the Held. Nor are many if they are introduced piece-meal, unless they arc united into a technological chain.

It is different when mechanical helpers work as parts of robot – technical complexes, flexible production systems. For all its promising nature, a robot is one component of a complete automation system.

Flexible production systems (FPS) consist, as a rule, of several machine tools with numerical-programmed control (NPC), or of processing centres – machine tools equipped with microprocessors. The IPS also include robot loaders, which deliver and take off items, and transport robots. An all purpose computer controls the entire cycle, including the facilities.

One hundred per cent automated production is no longer a dream. The ideal, towards which people in various countries are now aspiring, is to automate the entire chain of the birth of new output beginning with elect! onic design. That's why robots production enterprises are being reoriented from the production of industrial robots by piece towards the manufacture of complete systems and robotized complexes.