8. 5. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу, як у них передається наказ або прохання за допомогою дієслова to let.

1. Let me have a look at the picture.

2. Let me go to see him after classes this evening.

3. Let him help you.

6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст рідною мовою.

NUMBER SYSTEMS IN MICROPROCESSOR/ MICROCOMPUTER

The decimal number system is generally used in the world outside the microprocessor. Inside a microprocessor-based system, the binary number system is used most often. This is because binary numbers are compatible with the electrical pulses used in digital or logic systems. Binary numbers use only two digits, 0 or 1. The zero can be represented by the absence of a pulse, with the 1 being represented by the presence of a pulse (vice versa in some systems). The pulses can be positive or negative without affecting the binary number system (as long as only two states exist). In any event, to understand the language of microprocessor-based systems (generally referred to as machine language), it becomes necessary to examine number systems in general and the binary number system in particular.

Although microprocessors use binary numbers in the form of pulses, most microcomputer systems use some other form of number system for assembly of computer programs (generally referred to as assembly language). This is because binary number (although compatible with pulses) are cumbersome when the values are beyond a few digits. Shorthand number systems are used to enter and read our programs and data in a microcomputer system. The most common shorthand number system used for microcomputer programming are the octal, hexadecimal (or hex), binary-coded decimal (or BCD), and alphanumeric systems.

The binary number system uses only two digits, 0 and 1. The positional weights of the didgits increase from right to left as in the familiar decimal system. In all number systems, digits are assigned positional weights, or values, so that numbers can be written to expenses all quantities, no matter how large or small. The real value of a digit depends on its position in the number. With binary, the increase of value is an ascending powers of 2.

7. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. How many digits does the binary system use?

2. Where are the electrical pulses used?

3. What is necessary for understanding the machine language?

4. Why must microcomputer systems use shorthand number systems?

5. What does the real value of a digit depend on?

8. Напишіть короткий зміст тексту.

9. Випишіть 3 речення з граматичними формами у пасивному стані.

10. Складіть словник-мінімум до тексту.

ВАРІАНТ V

1. Перепишіть наступні речення та перекладіть їх рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів.

1. This is a black pencil and that is a red one.

2. It’s high time to start our cooperation.

3. One should take into consideration this point.

4. These are my magazines and those are yours.

5. “I don’ think he is right.” That is what she said.

2. Перепишіть наступні речення, визначте в кожному з них час і стан дієслова-присудка. Перекладіть речення рідною мовою.

1. I watched television yesterday evening. I haven’t watched this evening.

2. How long have you been writing this letter?

3. I’m not hungry. I’ve just had lunch.

4. Have you seen Ann recently?

5. Will you please be quiet?

3. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх рідною мовою, пам’ятаючи про різні значення дієслів to be, to have, to do.

1. We are to meet at 5 o’clock.

2. I have to get up early on Mondays.

3. The goods had to be sent by airplane.

4. Do come tomorrow!

5. He will have to do it.

4. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу на функцію інфінітива, герундія і дієприкметника в реченні.

1. There is no hope of our getting a letter from him soon.

2. I hope to be sent to the conference.

3. I asked him to speak slowly.

4. Entering the room, she turned on the light.

5. The storm prevented the steamer from learning the port.

6. He has no desire to be appointed to this post.

7. She watched the children writing the dictation.

8. I stayed there to see what would happen.

5. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу, як у них передається наказ або прохання за допомогою дієслова to let.

1. Let him translate the letters from German into Russian.

2. Let them give the books to the library in time.

3. Please let us know when you’re coming.

6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст рідною мовою.

What IS the Internet and How Does It Work?

The Internet, sometimes called simply the Net, was born in the 1960s at the height of the cold war. At the time, communication networks were connected point-to-point. Because each point on the network was dependent on the link before it, if one point was blown up, the whole network would become useless.

The U.S. government was concerned about the possibility of nuclear attack.. The Rand Corporation was charged with the task of developing a way for U. S. Authorities to talk to each other in the event of a nuclear war.

A member of the think tank, Paul Baran, formulated an idea for a different kind of communications network; one in which the chained points were not dependant upon each other. He visualized a network designed much like a fishnet, where information could find its own path through the communications network even if a section was destroyed.

While Baran’s idea was eventually shelved by the Pentagon, his fishnet concept influenced the design used by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 in creating the forerunner of the Internet, the ARPANet.

The ARPANet accomplished the goal of creating a small, decentralized network connecting computers at four university campuses around the United States. This network allowed users of a research computer at one university to be able to “talk to” research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet’s design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster. Unlike the phone and other communication systems, the ARPANet used no centralized hubs to pass information, making it infinitely more reliable and secure.

At this early stage, the Internet was a strictly text-based medium. It used no pictures, sounds, audio or video since just letters and numbers were used, the only way to get information from another computer connected to the Net was to type complicated sequences of commands on the keyboard, making it difficult for beginners.

As business and universities involved in military research linked with this network, it grew exponentially until it evolved into what we now know as the Internet.

Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative and self-sustaining worldwide system of computer networks. There is no one “owner” of the Internet and there is no single regulatory body that is responsible for it.

This “network of networks” is accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide and enables users at any one computer to get information from any other computer (provided proper security access is granted).