8. 5. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу, як у них передається наказ або прохання за допомогою дієслова to let.

1. Let my son do it!

2. Let’s go to the canteen, shall we?

3. Let us discuss these question this morning.

8. 6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст рідною мовою.

EINSTEIN’S TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY

Einstein, as everyone knows, did something remarkable, but what exactly did he do? Even among educated men and women, few can answer. We are resigned to the importance of his theory, but we do not comprehend it. It is this circumstance which is largely responsible for the isolation of modern science. This is bad for the isolation of modern science. This is bad for us and bad for science; therefore more than curiosity is at stake in the desire to understand Einstein.

One of the cliches about Einstein’s theory is that it shows that everything is relative. The statement that everything is relative is as meaningful as the statement that everything is bigger. As Bertrand Russel pointed out, if everything were relative there would be nothing for it to be relative to. The name of relativity is misleading. Einstein was in fact concerned with finding something that is not relative, something that mathematicians call in invariant. With this as a fixed point, it might be possible to formulate physical laws which would incorporate the “objective residue” of an observer’s experience; that is, that part of the space and time characteristics of a physical event which, though perceived by him, are independent of the observer and might therefore be expected to appear the same to all observers. The constancy principle of the velocity of light provided Einstein with invariant he needed. It could be maintained, however, only at the expense of the traditional notion of time. And even this offering was not enough. Space and time are interwined. They are part of the same reality. Tinkering with the measure of time unavoidably affects the measure of space.

At the heart of relativity are questions connected with the velocity of light. The young Einstein began to brood about these while still a high-school student. Suppose, he asked himself, a person could run as fast as a beam of light, how would things look to him? Imagine that he could ride astride the beam, holding a mirror just in front of him. Then, like a fictional vampire, he would cause no imagine; for since the light and the mirror are travelling in the same direction at the same velocity, and the mirror is a little ahead, the light can ever catch up to the mirror and there can be no reflection.

But this applies only to his mirror. Imagine a stationary observer, also equipped with a mirror, who watches the rider flashing by. Obviously the observer’s mirror will catch the rider’s image. In other words, the optical phenomena surrounding this event are purely relative. They exist for the observer; they do not exist for the rider. This was a troublesome paradox, which flatly contradicted the accepted views of optical phenomena.

Step by step Einstein came to his fateful mass-energy equation. “The mass of a body is a measure of its energy content”, he wrote in 1905, and gave his now famous formula, E=mc 2, where E is energy content, m is mass (which varies according to speed) and c is the velocity of light.

When Einstein was twenty-six, he put forward an idea which changed the world. His idea revolutionized our conception of the physical universe; its consequences have shaken human society.

Einstein’s achievement is one of the glories of man. Unfortunately, the scientist’s great idea first was used not for the benefit of man, but for his destruction. When he realized the ominous consequences of his fatal equation and the responsibility he bore he vehemently protested against the military use of his discovery. But in vain. Besides, it became clear that the benefits of the so-called peaceful use of nuclear energy become also highly questionable.

Some great ideas may lead to still greater disasters. This was the triumph and the tragedy of the genius.

7. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Is Einstein’s theory of relativity easy to understand?

2. What did B. Russel say about the name of relativity?

3. What lies at the heart of relativity?

4. Can you name Einstein’s famous equation?

8.Напишіть короткий зміст тексту.

9. Випишіть 3 речення з граматичними формами у пасивному стані.

10. Складіть словник-мінімум до тексту.

ВАРІАНТ III

1. Перепишіть наступні речення та перекладіть їх рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів.

1. This book is more interesting than the one we read last week.

2. These apples are sweeter than the ones I bought yesterday.

3. These books are mine, and those are yours.

4. It’s time children were in bed. It’s long after their bedtime.

5. That’s real bargain.

2. Перепишіть наступні речення, визначте в кожному з них час і стан дієслова-присудка. Перекладіть речення рідною мовою.

1. It showed a lot last winter but it hasn’t snowed so far this winter.

2. Jim has been playing tennis since 2 o’clock..

3. Bill and Andy make films. They started making films together when they left college.

4. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody had gone to bed.

5. The house wasn’t damaged in the storm but a tree was blown down.

3. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх рідною мовою, пам’ятаючи про різні значення дієслів to be, to have, to do.

1. Do it at once, please!

2. He was having talk with his father when I came.

3. Such books are to be found in all libraries.

4. But I do know him.

5. Do you have to write this exercise?

4. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу на функцію інфінітива, герундія і дієприкметника в реченні.

1. Besides being eleven he is very industrious.

2. When going home, I met my brother.

3. I told him to post the letter.

4. Knowing English language well, he will be able to translate newspaper articles without a dictionary.

5. He went away learning his address.

6. Be careful when you are crossing a street.

7. Last year he was always the first to come to the Institute.

8. To understand the importance of this event you should know all the facts.