- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
If it denotes a lifeless thing:
by a noun in the common case;
by a possessive pronoun.
The nominal element of the construction can also be expressed by a pronoun which has no case distinctions, such as all, both, this, that, each, something: I insist on both of them coming in time.
9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
In M.E. the gerund is widely used with the infinitive. It can be used:
with the verbs and verbal phrases: to avoid, to burst out, to deny, to enjoy, to fancy, to excuse, to finish, to forgive, to give up, to go on, to keep on, to mind, to leave off, to postpone, to put off, cannot help, etc.
with the verbs and verbal phrases used with a preposition: to accuse of, to approve of, to complain of, to depend on, to feel like, to insist on, to look like, to object to, to persist in, to prevent from, to rely on, to succeed in, to look forward to, etc.
with the following predicative word-groups: to be aware of, to be busy in, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be guilty of, to be pleased at, to be proud of, to be sure of, etc.
10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
as a subject:
Talking mends no holes.
It's no use talking like that to me.
There was no mistaking the expression on her face.
as a predicative:
The only remedy is going to bed.
as part of a compound verbal predicate:
We intend going home and having some tea (part of a compound verbal modal predicate).
She began sobbing and weeping (part of a compound verbal aspect predicate).
as an object:
The times were good for building.
as an attribute:
He was born with the gift of winning hearts.
as an adverbial modifier (of time, manner, attendant circumstances, purpose, condition, cause, concession):
In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her (adv. mod. of concession).
11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
The differences between the G & the P: 1) The G may be preceded by a preposition; 2) The G may be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun; 3) The G may be used in the function of subject, object and predicative; 4) The G and the P both can be used in the function of attribute and adverbial modifier, but the G is always preceded by a preposition. However, one should differentiate between "a dancing hall" (a hall where people dance – the purpose of the hall – G) and "a singing girl" (a girl that sings – an attribute of the girl – P).
The G & the I both can be used with such verbs and word groups as "to be afraid, to begin, to cease, to continue, can(not) afford, to dread, to fear, to forget, to hate, to intend, to (dis)like, to neglect, to prefer, to propose, to remember, to recollect, to start, to stop". But with some verbs and verb groups (like those underlined) the I is mostly used with reference to a special occasion, the G being more appropriate to a general statement (I hate to interrupt you; I hate interrupting you). The verb "to remember" used with the I refers to the future while the G refers to the past (Remember to post the letter; I remember posting the letter). The verb "to stop" used with the G forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate, the I has the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose (She stopped knitting when he came in; She stopped to see who was in).
The differences between the G & the VN: 1) The G has nominal and verbal characteristics (the VN has only nominal ones); 2) The G is not used with an article; 3) The G has no plural forms; 4) The G of a transitive verb takes a direct object (the VN takes a prepositional object with the preposition "of"); 5) The G may be modified by an adverb (the VN – by an adjective).