- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction – a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the subject. Used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time, cause, condition or attendant circumstances.
The door being open, he looked in (adv. mod. of cause).
The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction – used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. May be introduced by the preposition with.
I found him ready, with his eyes fixed on the ground (adv. mod. of attendant circumstances).
6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
The Nominative Absolute Construction - used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time or attendant circumstances.
Breakfast over, he went to his counting house (adv. mod. of time).
The Prepositional Absolute Construction – used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
I found him ready, with his stick in his hand.
7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in the course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb. The gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal ones are:
can perform the function of the subject, object and predicative;
can be preceded by a preposition;
can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.
The verbal characteristics:
the gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object;
can be modified by an adverb;
has tense distinctions (Indefinite – for simultaneous actions and Perfect – for prior actions); the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions (Active and Passive).
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a. A prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund. In some cases an Indefinite Gerund can be used – after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after and without:
I don't remember hearing this legend before.
b. After the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to require and the adjective worth the gerund can be used in the active form, though it's passive in meaning:
The child deserves praising.
8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
The gerund can form predicative constructions,i.e. constructions in which the verbal element expressed by the gerund is in predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a noun or pronoun.
I don't like your going off without any money.
The gerund going off is in predicate relation to the pronoun your, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the gerund.
The nominal element of the construction can be expressed in different ways.
If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun: Do you mind my smoking?
by a noun in the common case: I have a recollection of Lady Chiltern always getting the good conduct prize.
by a pronoun in the objective case: I hope you will forgive me disturbing you.