- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb, which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.
The verbal characteristics:
Participle 1 of a transitive verb can take a direct object;
Participle 1 and 2 can be modified by an adverb;
Participle 1 has tense distinctions (Indefinite – for simultaneous actions and Perfect – for prior actions); Participle 1 of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions (Active and Passive). Participle 2 has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which can express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. In some cases it denotes an action referring to no particular time.
The adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in the syntactic functions of the Participle; those of attribute or adverbial modifier.
2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
PARTICIPLE 1:
as an attribute:
We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.
as an adverbial modifier (of time, cause, manner, attendant circumstances, comparison):
Gwendolen was silent, again looking at her hands (adv. mod. of attendant circumstances).
as a predicative:
The effect of her words was terrifying.
as part of a complex object:
I saw him and his wife talking to you on the stairs.
as part of a compound verbal predicate:
Presently other footsteps were heard crossing the room below.
as parenthesis:
Generally speaking, I don't like them.
PARTICIPLE 2:
as an attribute:
He answered through the locked door.
as and adverbial modifier (of time, condition, comparison, concession)
...her spirit, though crushed, was not broken (adv. mod. of concession).
as a predicative:
In spite of himself, Val was impressed.
as part of a complex object:
She has found me unaltered; but I have found her changed.
3.The Objective Participial Construction.
The O.P.C. is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the
common case or a pronoun in the objective case.
He could hear her breathing.
The participle breathing is in predicate relation to the pronoun her, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle.
In the O.P.C. Participle 1 Indefinite Active or Participle 2 is used. Function in the sentence – complex object. The O.P.C. may be found:
after the verbs of sense perception;
after some verbs of mental activity;
after verbs of wish;
after the verbs to have and to get.
4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
The S.P.C. is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence. The construction doesn't serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.
They were heard talking together (they talking together – subject).
The S.P.C is chiefly used after the verbs of sense perception. Конструкцию легко обнаружить при помощи Passive Voice. Если он есть в предложении, значит, это S.P.C.