- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
Subject clause. The Subj. Mood is used after a principal clause like It is necessary, It is important, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should for all persons or the synthetic subjunctive is used (It is necessary that he should come).
Predicative clause. The S.M. is used:
introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though, when we find the link verbs to be, to feel, to look, to seem in the principal clause. (I feel as if we were back 7 years ago);
when the subject of the principal clause is expressed by an abstract noun such as wish, suggestion,etc. In this case the analytical form with the mood auxiliary should is used (One of the conditions was that I should leave).
Object clause. The Subj. Mood is used:
a. with the predicate of the principal clause is to wish.
b. used in object clauses introduced by the conjunction lest if in the principal clause the predicate is expressed by a verb denoting fear (She fears lest she should be blamed).
c. when we find verbs and word-groups denoting order, suggestion, advice, desire, etc. (He orders that we should be ready).
Attributive clauses. The S.M. is also used in attributive clauses modifying by the noun time in the principal clause (it is high time). The Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Simple of the Indicative Mood.
Attr. Appositive clauses. Is used in clauses modifying the nouns wish, suggestion, aim, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should or the synthetic subjunctive is used (His wish that you should come).
5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
Suppositional Mood. Analytical form, built up with the help of the auxiliary verb "should" for all persons + infinitive. Expresses problematic actions (desirable, suggested, required…), which are not necessarily contradict reality. Expresses the same modality as Subjunctive I, that's why they can be used in the same syntactic structure. They are quite interchangeable and differ mainly stylistically.
In simple sentences. Used only in interrogative sentences beginning with "What if…" (And what if he should come back?).
In complex sentences. In Nominal Clauses it is used in Subject Clauses beginning with the introductory "It" in the principal clause when the modal meaning is expressed (It's important that he should come on time), after the expression of emotion (It shocked me that he should have been so cruel) and after the expression of fear (I feared lest he should find it out). In Object Clause it expresses the meaning of recommendation, suggestion, advice, insistence, etc. (He ordered that we should come). It may be used in Attributive and Predicative clauses. In Appositive clauses it usually modifies abstract nouns (idea, feeling…) and introduced by conjunctions "that, whether, as if, as though" or adverbs "how, why". The parts are not separated by comma (Her feeling that something else should happen surprised me; There's no reason why you shouldn't read it).
In Adverbial Clauses of purpose the Suppositional Mood is introduced by the conjunctions "so that, in case, lest" (He whispered these words lest somebody should overhear him). In Adverbial Clauses of concession it is introduced by the conjunctions "though, although, whatever, however, etc." (Though he should make every effort, he can't make it to the top). In Adverbial Clauses of condition referring to the future it's used to show that the action is possible though unlikely. In the principle clause the Imperative, Conditional or Future Indicative is used (Should he drop in tell him to wait for me; If I should meet her, I should tell her all about it; Should it be snowing we will stay in).
Subjunctive 1. Plain stem of the verb. Denotes a hypothetical action referring to the present or the future.
In simple sentences. Used in formulaic expressions to denote wish (Long live Rock 'n' roll!; Success attend you!), concession (So be it!; Come what may) and commands and requests with indefinite pronouns as subjects (Everybody leave the room!).
In complex sentences. In Nominal Clauses it's used in Subject Clauses after the expression of a modal meaning (It is required that all work hard). Rarely used after the expression of fear (His fear was that he be neglected).
In Adverbial Clauses it is used in clauses of concession after "though, although, whatever, etc." (Whatever the reason be, the fact remains) and in clauses of purpose (He stopped talking lest he be offended).
The Verbals.