- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
The sequence of tenses is a certain dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal clause: if the verb is in the principal clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future-in-the-past) must be used in the subordinate clause. If there are several Subordinate Clauses in a sentence, the SOT is observed in all of them. The rule also holds good when a past tense is used in a Subordinate Clause to which other clauses are subordinated.
1.If the past action expressed in the Subordinate Clause is simultaneous with that expressed in the Principal Clause, the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous is used in the Subordinate Clause.
2.If the past action expressed in the Subordinate Clause is prior to that expressed in the Principal Clause, the Past Perfect is used in the Subordinate Clause.
3.If the action expressed in the Subordinate Clause lasted a certain time before the action expressed in the Principal Clause, the Past Perfect Continuous or the Past Perfect Inclusive is used in the Subordinate Clause.
4.If the action expressed in the Subordinate Clause is posterior to that of the Principal Clause the Future in the Past is used.
The SOT is mainly applied in object clauses. It is generally observed in subject clauses, predicative clauses and in appositive attributive clauses. The SOT isn't observed if the OC expresses a general truth and when something is represented as habitual, customary, or characteristic. It is also doesn't concern attributive relative clauses and adverbial clauses of cause, result, comparison, and concession (if the verb stands in the Indicative Mood).
19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
IS is a form of utterance in which the words of the speaker are reported. When DS is converted into IS the following changes are introduced:
The quotation marks and the comma (or colon) are omitted;
The pronouns are replaced by those of the 3rd person (if somebody else's words are reported);
If the verb in the PC is in the past tense, demonstrative pronouns and adverbials expressing nearness are replaced by words expressing distance (no changes take place if the speaker speaks in the same place and at the same time as the speaker whose words are reported);
If the verb in the PC is in the past tense, the tenses are changed according to the rule of the SOT (if the Past Indefinite in DS denotes an action taking place at a definite moment, it remains unchanged in IS);
When sentences containing Subjunctive Mood are converted into IS the form of the verb usually remains unchanged (except for "may" which is turned into "might");
The verb introducing DS is replaced by another verb which shows whether the IS is a statement, a question, an order (request) or an exclamation;
IS, unlike DS, is characterized by rigid logic of structure and terseness ("so, such" are replaced by "very, exceedingly", interjections must be replaced by suitable adverbial modifier, etc.);
"Must" remains unchanged in IS if it expresses advice (order) or a supposition bordering on assurance, but it's generally replaced by "had to" if it expresses necessity arising out of circumstances, and it's replaced by "was to" if it expresses arrangement or a kind of order.
ISt are generally introduced by the verbs "to say, to tell, to announce" (in official style also "to inform"). With the verbs "to tell, to inform" the person addressed is always mentioned. If it is mentioned with the verbs "to say, to announce" the preposition "to" is used. The verb "to say" is used to introduce both DS & IS, "to tell" is used to introduce IS only. An emphatic statement tinged with emotion is often introduced by the verb "to declare". Other verbs are "to promise, to remark, to remind, to assure, to admit, to deny, etc."
IQ are generally introduced by the verb "to ask" ("to inquire" in official style, with the preposition "of" if the person addressed is mentioned). Word order in an IQ is the same as in a statement. An indirect general Q is introduced by the conjunctions "if, whether", an indirect special Q is introduced by the same adverb or pronoun that introduces a direct Q, if a direct Q to the subject contains the link verb "to be", the direct word order isn't strictly observed.